[ { "id": 1, "name": "Cybernetics", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1943, "end_year": 1975, "peak_start": 1947, "peak_end": 1953, "peak_significance": 8.5, "key_concepts": [ "Feedback loops", "Circular causality", "Homeostasis", "Requisite variety", "Black box", "Purposeful behaviour", "Management cybernetics", "Order from noise" ] }, { "id": 2, "name": "Control Theory", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1868, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1932, "peak_end": 1960, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Negative feedback", "Stability criteria", "Frequency response", "PID control", "State space", "Optimal control", "Kalman filtering" ] }, { "id": 3, "name": "Information Theory", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1948, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1948, "peak_end": 1965, "peak_significance": 9, "key_concepts": [ "Entropy", "Channel capacity", "Noise", "Coding theory", "Mutual information", "Maximum entropy", "Kolmogorov complexity" ] }, { "id": 4, "name": "General Systems Theory", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1949, "end_year": 1985, "peak_start": 1968, "peak_end": 1975, "peak_significance": 8.3, "key_concepts": [ "Open systems", "Isomorphism", "Holism", "Equifinality", "System hierarchy", "Emergence", "Organismic worldview" ] }, { "id": 5, "name": "Systems Thinking", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1968, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1990, "peak_end": 1996, "peak_significance": 8.3, "key_concepts": [ "Soft systems methodology", "Learning organisations", "Mental models", "Leverage points", "Messes and wicked problems", "Purposeful systems", "Critical systems thinking" ] }, { "id": 6, "name": "System Dynamics", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1956, "end_year": 2020, "peak_start": 1971, "peak_end": 1977, "peak_significance": 7.2, "key_concepts": [ "Stock and flow", "Feedback loops", "Delays and the Forrester effect", "Causal loop diagrams", "Computer simulation", "World models" ] }, { "id": 7, "name": "Complexity Science", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1972, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1993, "peak_end": 2000, "peak_significance": 8.2, "key_concepts": [ "Emergence", "Self-organisation", "Organised complexity", "Edge of chaos", "NK fitness landscapes", "Autocatalytic sets", "Allometric scaling", "Complexity measures" ] }, { "id": 8, "name": "Chaos Theory", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1975, "end_year": 2000, "peak_start": 1982, "peak_end": 1996, "peak_significance": 8.3, "key_concepts": [ "Sensitive dependence", "Strange attractors", "Period doubling", "Deterministic chaos", "Lyapunov exponents", "Self-similarity", "Fractal dimension" ] }, { "id": 9, "name": "Complex Adaptive Systems", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1986, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1992, "peak_end": 2003, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Adaptation", "Internal models", "Building blocks", "Tags and aggregation", "Co-evolution" ] }, { "id": 10, "name": "Network Science", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1998, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2001, "peak_end": 2017, "peak_significance": 8.5, "key_concepts": [ "Small world", "Scale-free networks", "Hub nodes", "Network topology", "Preferential attachment", "Community detection", "Multilayer networks" ] }, { "id": 11, "name": "Agent-Based Modelling", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1990, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1996, "peak_end": 2013, "peak_significance": 8.4, "key_concepts": [ "Bottom-up modelling", "Emergent behaviour", "Artificial societies", "Social simulation", "Computational experiments", "Pattern-oriented modelling" ] }, { "id": 12, "name": "Free Energy Principle & Active Inference", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2005, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2010, "peak_end": 2024, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Variational free energy (ELBO)", "Surprise minimisation", "Markov blankets", "Expected free energy (epistemic and pragmatic value)", "Policy selection", "Helmholtz machine", "Bayesian mechanics" ] }, { "id": 13, "name": "Second-order Cybernetics", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1968, "end_year": 1985, "end_note": "Ended in 1985 against the measured end (unsettled: ended in 74 % of the redraws, the decline in 2001–2019, after a height in 1989–1998): the measured output rises only from the 1990s, when the term spread retrospectively through radical constructivism and *Kybernetes*, so the counts see the programme’s later uptake of the name more than its generative phase of 1968–1985 (docs/data-review.md).", "peak_start": 1973, "peak_end": 1978, "peak_significance": 6.5, "key_concepts": [ "Observing systems", "Self-reference", "Radical constructivism", "Conversation theory", "Eigenforms", "Ethics of the observer" ] }, { "id": 14, "name": "Social Systems Theory", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1951, "end_year": 2010, "peak_start": 1984, "peak_end": 1998, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Communication and meaning", "Autopoiesis", "Functional differentiation", "Operational closure and structural coupling", "Social systems" ] }, { "id": 16, "name": "Bayesian Brain", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1995, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2004, "peak_end": 2013, "peak_significance": 6.8, "key_concepts": [ "Perception as unconscious inference", "Bayes-optimal behaviour", "Cue integration", "Probabilistic population codes", "Bayesian decision theory", "Sensorimotor integration" ] }, { "id": 17, "name": "Dissipative Structures & Synergetics", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1967, "end_year": 1995, "peak_start": 1971, "peak_end": 1985, "peak_significance": 8.4, "key_concepts": [ "Dissipative structures", "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics", "Entropy production", "Order parameters", "Slaving principle", "Non-equilibrium phase transitions", "Pattern formation" ] }, { "id": 18, "name": "Predictive Processing", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1999, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2013, "peak_end": 2022, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Prediction error minimisation", "Hierarchical prediction", "Generative models", "Precision weighting", "Controlled hallucination", "Interoceptive inference" ] }, { "id": 20, "name": "Dynamical Systems", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1881, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1954, "peak_end": 1970, "peak_significance": 9, "key_concepts": [ "Phase space", "Attractors", "Bifurcations", "Lyapunov stability", "Qualitative analysis", "KAM theory", "Structural stability" ] }, { "id": 21, "name": "Statistical Mechanics", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1859, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1872, "peak_end": 1905, "peak_significance": 9.5, "key_concepts": [ "Ensembles", "Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy", "Microstates and macrostates", "Fluctuations", "Ergodic hypothesis", "Partition function", "Onsager reciprocal relations" ] }, { "id": 22, "name": "Phase Transitions & Critical Phenomena", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1937, "end_year": 2000, "peak_start": 1973, "peak_end": 1985, "peak_significance": 8.5, "key_concepts": [ "Order parameters", "Critical exponents", "Universality", "Scaling", "Renormalisation group", "Ising model", "Percolation", "Spontaneous symmetry breaking" ] }, { "id": 24, "name": "Catastrophe Theory", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1970, "end_year": 1985, "peak_start": 1973, "peak_end": 1980, "peak_significance": 8, "key_concepts": [ "Elementary catastrophes", "Cusp catastrophe", "Structural stability", "Morphogenesis", "Singularity theory", "Caustics" ] }, { "id": 26, "name": "Cellular Automata", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1960, "end_year": 2015, "peak_start": 1985, "peak_end": 1998, "peak_significance": 8.3, "key_concepts": [ "Self-reproducing automata", "Game of Life", "Elementary cellular automata", "Wolfram classes", "Rule 110 universality", "Computational irreducibility", "Lattice-gas models" ] }, { "id": 27, "name": "Artificial Life", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1987, "end_year": 2010, "peak_start": 1990, "peak_end": 2000, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Life-as-it-could-be", "Open-ended evolution", "Digital evolution", "Edge of chaos", "Boids and swarm behaviour", "Artificial chemistry", "Evolutionary robotics" ] }, { "id": 28, "name": "Self-Organised Criticality", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1987, "end_year": 2005, "peak_start": 1990, "peak_end": 2000, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Sandpile model", "Power-law avalanches", "1/f noise", "Punctuated equilibrium", "Forest-fire model", "Critical brain hypothesis" ] }, { "id": 29, "name": "Autopoiesis & Enactivism", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1972, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2002, "peak_end": 2012, "peak_significance": 7.2, "key_concepts": [ "Autopoiesis", "Operational closure and structural coupling", "Enaction", "Embodied cognition", "Neurophenomenology", "Sense-making and participatory sense-making" ] }, { "id": 30, "name": "Game Theory", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1928, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1944, "peak_end": 1960, "peak_significance": 8.5, "key_concepts": [ "Minimax", "Nash equilibrium", "Zero-sum and non-zero-sum games", "Cooperative games", "Prisoner’s dilemma", "Bargaining", "Incomplete information" ] }, { "id": 31, "name": "Evolutionary Game Theory", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1973, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1980, "peak_end": 1990, "peak_significance": 8, "key_concepts": [ "Evolutionarily stable strategy", "Replicator dynamics", "Hawk–dove game", "Evolution of cooperation", "Reciprocal altruism", "Spatial games", "Frequency-dependent selection" ] }, { "id": 32, "name": "Resilience Thinking", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1973, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2001, "peak_end": 2009, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Ecological resilience", "Adaptive cycle", "Panarchy", "Regime shifts", "Social-ecological systems", "Adaptive management", "Early-warning signals", "Critical slowing down" ] }, { "id": 33, "name": "Complexity Economics", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1987, "end_year": null, "end_note": "Kept ongoing against the measured end (unsettled: ended in 57 % of the redraws, the decline in 2014–2019, the rate over 2020–24 at 0.28 of its 1999–2008 height): generative work continues after the measured end – Arthur’s “Foundations of complexity economics” (Nature Reviews Physics 3:136, 2021), Poledna, Miess, Hommes & Rabitsch’s agent-based forecasting model (European Economic Review 151:104306, 2023) and Farmer’s *Making Sense of Chaos* (2024) – and its share fell partly because query v2 leaves every work in econophysics’ vocabulary to Econophysics & Sociophysics while its home fields nearly doubled (Wolfgang, 2026-10-22; docs/data-review.md).", "peak_start": 1994, "peak_end": 2005, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Increasing returns, path dependence and lock-in", "Bounded rationality", "Non-equilibrium economics", "Agent-based computational economics", "El Farol bar problem", "Artificial stock market" ] }, { "id": 34, "name": "Neural Networks & Deep Learning", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1958, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2012, "peak_end": 2026, "peak_significance": 9, "key_concepts": [ "Perceptron", "Hopfield networks", "Boltzmann machines", "Backpropagation", "Deep neural networks", "Representation learning", "Transformers", "Large language models" ] }, { "id": 37, "name": "Operations Research & Systems Analysis", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1937, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1956, "peak_end": 1972, "peak_significance": 9.5, "key_concepts": [ "Operational research", "Linear programming", "Optimisation under constraints", "Systems analysis", "Cost-effectiveness analysis", "Queueing theory", "Inventory theory", "Planning-programming-budgeting" ] }, { "id": 38, "name": "Systems Ecology", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1953, "end_year": 2020, "peak_start": 1967, "peak_end": 1974, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Ecosystem energy flow", "Trophic structure", "Energy systems language", "Maximum power principle", "Emergy", "Ecosystem simulation", "Ecological network analysis", "Ecosystem development" ] }, { "id": 39, "name": "Basal Cognition & Diverse Intelligence", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2015, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2020, "peak_end": 2024, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Bioelectric morphogenesis", "Basal cognition", "Xenobots", "Multi-scale competency architecture (TAME)", "Cognitive light cone" ] }, { "id": 40, "name": "Symbiogenesis & Holobiont Biology", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1967, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2014, "peak_end": 2019, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Symbiogenesis", "Serial endosymbiosis", "Holobiont", "Hologenome", "Host–microbe co-development" ] }, { "id": 41, "name": "Gaia Theory", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1972, "end_year": null, "end_note": "Kept ongoing against the measured end (thin: 0.8 core top-decile works a year at its height, too few to date an end; ended in 81 % of the redraws, the rate below a third of its height since 2003, range 1998–2011): Lenton & Latour’s “Gaia 2.0” (2018) brings Latour’s reading of Gaia into Earth system thinking (relationship 164), and Doolittle 2017 and 2025 and Phil. Trans. B 380 (2025) continue the theory (docs/data-review.md).", "peak_start": 1979, "peak_end": 1991, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Planetary homeostasis", "Atmospheric disequilibrium as a sign of life", "Daisyworld", "CLAW hypothesis", "Darwinized Gaia", "Autopoietic Gaia" ] }, { "id": 42, "name": "Earth System Science", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1983, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2001, "peak_end": 2015, "peak_significance": 8, "key_concepts": [ "Earth as an integrated system", "Biosphere (Vernadsky)", "General circulation and Earth system models", "Stochastic climate models", "Stochastic resonance in climate", "Global change" ] }, { "id": 43, "name": "Planetary Boundaries & Tipping Points", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2000, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2020, "peak_end": 2024, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Anthropocene", "Great Acceleration", "Tipping elements", "Planetary boundaries and the safe operating space", "Early warning of tipping", "Tipping cascades", "Positive tipping points" ] }, { "id": 44, "name": "Ecological Anthropology", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1963, "end_year": 1985, "peak_start": 1968, "peak_end": 1979, "peak_significance": 6.5, "key_concepts": [ "Ecosystem approach", "Ritual regulation", "Carrying capacity", "Cognized and operational models", "Energy-flow analysis" ] }, { "id": 45, "name": "Actor-Network Theory", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1986, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1986, "peak_end": 2005, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Translation", "Actants and non-human agency", "Obligatory passage point", "Black-boxing", "Mediators and intermediaries", "Actor-network, not system", "One-level standpoint" ] }, { "id": 46, "name": "More-than-Human Anthropology", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2000, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2013, "peak_end": 2020, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Multispecies ethnography", "Sympoiesis", "Semiosis beyond the human", "Patchiness and nonscalability", "Ontological turn", "Plantationocene" ] }, { "id": 47, "name": "Assemblage Theory & New Materialism", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1997, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2006, "peak_end": 2016, "peak_significance": 7.8, "key_concepts": [ "Assemblage", "Relations of exteriority", "Intensive processes and virtual attractors", "Agential realism", "Intra-action", "Vibrant matter and distributive agency" ] }, { "id": 48, "name": "Complex Thought & Critical Complexity", "category": "Social & Organisational Complexity", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1977, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1999, "peak_end": 2007, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "General versus restricted complexity", "Dialogic principle", "Recursive organisation", "Self-eco-organisation", "Critical complexity", "Context-sensitive constraints", "Polycrisis" ] }, { "id": 49, "name": "Complexity Sociology", "category": "Social & Organisational Complexity", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1992, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2003, "peak_end": 2012, "peak_significance": 6.5, "key_concepts": [ "Complexity turn", "Complex realism", "Case-based complexity", "Global complexity", "Intersecting inequalities as systems" ] }, { "id": 50, "name": "Complexity & Organisation", "category": "Social & Organisational Complexity", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1991, "end_year": 2012, "peak_start": 1995, "peak_end": 2006, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Organisations and health care as complex adaptive systems", "Complex responsive processes of relating", "Simple, complicated and complex problems", "Complexity leadership theory", "Stacey matrix" ] }, { "id": 51, "name": "Cynefin", "category": "Social & Organisational Complexity", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1999, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2002, "peak_end": 2009, "peak_significance": 6.8, "key_concepts": [ "Cynefin framework", "Probe–sense–respond and safe-to-fail probes", "Enabling and governing constraints", "Anthro-complexity", "Distributed ethnography (SenseMaker)", "Exaptation" ] }, { "id": 52, "name": "Commons & Polycentric Governance", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1961, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1990, "peak_end": 2012, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Common-pool resources", "Design principles for long-enduring institutions", "Polycentric governance", "Institutional Analysis and Development framework", "Social-ecological systems framework", "Self-governance and collective action" ] }, { "id": 53, "name": "Dynamic Systems Approach to Development", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1987, "end_year": 2000, "peak_start": 1994, "peak_end": 2000, "peak_significance": 6.5, "key_concepts": [ "Development as self-organisation", "Nested timescales", "Dynamic field theory", "Perseverative reaching (A-not-B)", "Agent–environment coupling", "Dynamical hypothesis" ] }, { "id": 54, "name": "Population Ecology", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1925, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1957, "peak_end": 1976, "peak_significance": 8, "key_concepts": [ "Logistic growth", "Lotka–Volterra equations", "Competitive exclusion", "Ecological niche", "Functional response", "Island biogeography", "Stability and complexity", "r/K selection" ] }, { "id": 55, "name": "Population Genetics", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1930, "peak_end": 1947, "peak_significance": 8.5, "key_concepts": [ "Hardy–Weinberg principle", "Fundamental theorem of natural selection", "Genetic drift", "Adaptive landscape", "Modern Synthesis", "Inclusive fitness", "Price equation", "Neutral theory" ] }, { "id": 56, "name": "Evolutionary Developmental Biology", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1981, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1984, "peak_end": 2005, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Hox genes", "Deep homology", "Genetic toolkit", "Heterochrony", "Modularity", "Evolvability" ] }, { "id": 57, "name": "Systems Biology", "category": "Cybernetics & Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 2000, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2002, "peak_end": 2012, "peak_significance": 8, "key_concepts": [ "Biological networks", "Network motifs", "Robustness", "Gene regulatory networks", "Multiscale modelling", "Physiome" ] }, { "id": 58, "name": "Social Network Analysis", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1934, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1973, "peak_end": 1994, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Sociometry", "Small-world experiment", "Strength of weak ties", "Blockmodels", "Centrality", "Structural holes" ] }, { "id": 59, "name": "Cognitive Science", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1956, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1975, "peak_end": 1990, "peak_significance": 8.5, "key_concepts": [ "Computational theory of mind", "Physical symbol system hypothesis", "Symbolic AI", "Language of thought", "Levels of analysis", "Expert systems", "Cognitivism" ] }, { "id": 60, "name": "Evolutionary Computation & Swarm Intelligence", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1966, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1989, "peak_end": 2005, "peak_significance": 8, "key_concepts": [ "Genetic algorithms", "Schema theorem", "Classifier systems", "Evolution strategies", "Evolutionary programming", "Genetic programming", "Ant colony optimisation", "Particle swarm optimisation" ] }, { "id": 61, "name": "Extended Evolutionary Synthesis", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2007, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2011, "peak_end": 2019, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Reciprocal causation", "Developmental bias", "Plasticity-led evolution", "Inclusive inheritance", "Niche construction", "Biological relativity" ] }, { "id": 62, "name": "Biosemiotics", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1992, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2007, "peak_end": 2013, "peak_significance": 6.8, "key_concepts": [ "Semiosis", "Umwelt", "Code duality", "Semiotic freedom", "Code biology", "Zoosemiotics" ] }, { "id": 63, "name": "Ecological Economics", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1989, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1992, "peak_end": 2000, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Natural capital", "Ecosystem services", "Scale of the economy", "Steady-state economy", "Entropy law in economics", "Strong sustainability" ] }, { "id": 64, "name": "Urban Complexity & Scaling", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1994, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2009, "peak_end": 2017, "peak_significance": 6.5, "key_concepts": [ "Urban scaling laws", "Fractal cities", "Urban cellular automata", "Self-organising cities", "Central place systems" ] }, { "id": 65, "name": "Collective Behaviour", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1995, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2006, "peak_end": 2014, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Flocking transition", "Self-propelled particles", "Long-range order in flocks", "Topological interaction", "Collective animal behaviour", "Active matter" ] }, { "id": 66, "name": "Econophysics & Sociophysics", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1995, "end_year": 2015, "peak_start": 2000, "peak_end": 2007, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Scaling and fat tails of price fluctuations", "Random-matrix theory of financial correlations", "Kinetic exchange models of wealth", "Minority game", "Opinion dynamics", "Voter and Sznajd models" ] }, { "id": 67, "name": "Embodied & Extended Cognition", "category": "Mind & Cognition", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1991, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2002, "peak_end": 2013, "peak_significance": 7.5, "key_concepts": [ "Extended mind", "Distributed cognition", "Situated cognition", "Grounded cognition", "Behaviour-based robotics", "4E cognition" ] }, { "id": 68, "name": "Cultural Evolution", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1981, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2004, "peak_end": 2010, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Dual inheritance theory", "Gene–culture coevolution", "Transmission biases", "Cumulative culture", "Cultural group selection", "Cultural phylogenetics", "Cliodynamics" ] }, { "id": 69, "name": "Process Philosophy", "category": "Symbiosis & Relational Ontologies", "kind": "discipline", "start_year": 1929, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1929, "peak_end": 1948, "peak_significance": 6.5, "key_concepts": [ "Philosophy of organism", "Actual occasions and prehension", "Concrescence", "Duration", "Creative advance into novelty", "Bifurcation of nature" ] }, { "id": 70, "name": "Network Approach to Psychopathology", "category": "Complex Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2008, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2016, "peak_end": 2024, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Symptom networks", "Bridge symptoms", "Disorders as alternative stable states", "Hysteresis", "Critical slowing down", "Network psychometrics" ] }, { "id": 71, "name": "Dynamical Disease & Physiological Complexity", "category": "Dynamics & Self-Organisation", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 1977, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 1992, "peak_end": 2005, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Dynamical disease", "Fractal physiology", "Loss of complexity with ageing", "Heart-rate variability", "Detrended fluctuation analysis", "Approximate entropy", "Network physiology" ] }, { "id": 72, "name": "Sustainability Transitions", "category": "Ecology & Earth Systems", "kind": "programme", "start_year": 2002, "end_year": null, "peak_start": 2008, "peak_end": 2015, "peak_significance": 7, "key_concepts": [ "Multi-level perspective", "Niches, regimes and landscape", "Transition management", "Strategic niche management", "Technological innovation systems", "Transition pathways" ] } ]