[
  {
    "name": "A. P. Rowe",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Superintendent at Bawdsey who initiated operational research in 1937"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Adolf Hurwitz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion, Math. Ann. 46 (1895)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Adolf Meyer-Abich",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "used ‘holobiont’ in 1943, before Margulis (Baedke et al. 2020)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Adrian Smith",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Smith, Stirling & Berkhout 2005, “The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions” (Res. Policy 34:1491)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alain Enthoven",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis 1965–69; contributor to Hitch & McKean 1960"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alan Fogel",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Thelen, Kelso & Fogel 1987 (Dev. Rev. 7:39)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alan Kirman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kirman 1993 ants herding model, an early agent-based model; *Complex Economics* (Routledge 2011)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "“Ants, rationality and recruitment” 1993 (QJE 108:137); heterogeneous interacting agents"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alan Wilson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Entropy in Urban and Regional Modelling* (Pion 1970), cited by Batty 2008; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alan Yuille",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kersten, Mamassian & Yuille 2004, “Object perception as Bayesian inference” (Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55:271)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Albert Einstein",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Einstein 1905, Brownian motion, Ann. Phys. 17:549"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Albert Newen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor of *The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition* (2018)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Albert W. Tucker",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Named and framed the prisoner’s dilemma, 1950"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kuhn & Tucker 1951, “Nonlinear programming” (2nd Berkeley Symposium), under ONR contract; launched nonlinear programming"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Albert Wohlstetter",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "RAND systems analysis of bomber basing; contributor to Hitch & McKean 1960"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Albert-László Barabási",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Barabási & Albert 1999 (Science 286:509); *Linked* 2002"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Jeong et al. 2000 (Nature 407:651); Barabási & Oltvai 2004, “Network biology” (Nat. Rev. Genet. 5:101)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Aleksandr Andronov",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "founded the Moscow control-engineering seminar at the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics (1944); completed Vyshnegradsky’s governor theory as nonlinear control"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Andronov & Pontryagin 1937, “Systèmes grossiers”, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14:247, structural stability"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Aleksandr Lyapunov",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lyapunov 1892 stability theory; the second method became standard in control engineering from the 1950s"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Lyapunov 1892, *The General Problem of the Stability of Motion* (Kharkov)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alessandro Rancati",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Snowden & Rancati, EU JRC field guide to managing crises (2021)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alessandro Vespignani",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Pastor-Satorras & Vespignani 2001 (PRL 86:3200)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alex Krizhevsky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "AlexNet (Krizhevsky, Sutskever & Hinton, NeurIPS 2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alex Mesoudi",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mesoudi, Whiten & Laland 2006, “Towards a unified science of cultural evolution” (Behav. Brain Sci. 29:329)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alexander Bogdanov",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Tektology’s bi-regulator treated by cybernetics’ own literature as a precursor of feedback (Gorelik 1987, Cybernetics and Systems 18:157)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Tektology* (1912–1917), a precursor of general systems theory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alexandre Pouget",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Knill & Pouget 2004; Ma, Beck, Latham & Pouget 2006"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alfonso Montuori",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": false,
        "note": "foreword and series editor, Morin, *On Complexity* (Hampton Press 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alfred J. Lotka",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Elements of Physical Biology* (1925), the predator–prey equations"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alfred North Whitehead",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Science and the Modern World* (1925); *Process and Reality* (Macmillan 1929), the philosophy of organism; *Modes of Thought* (1938)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alicia Juarrero",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*Dynamics in Action* (MIT 1999), context-sensitive constraints"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Cynefin’s enabling and governing constraints follow *Dynamics in Action* (1999)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Allen Newell",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Newell & Simon 1956, the Logic Theory Machine (IRE Trans. Inf. Theory 2:61); Newell & Simon 1976 (Commun. ACM 19:113)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Alva Noë",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "O’Regan & Noë 2001 (Behav. Brain Sci. 24:939); *Action in Perception* (MIT Press 2004), sensorimotor enactivism"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Anatol Rapoport",
    "bio": "Anatol Rapoport (1911–2007) was a mathematician and psychologist who worked at the University of Michigan and then the University of Toronto. In 1954 he co-founded the Society for General Systems Research with Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Ralph Gerard and Kenneth Boulding. He studied conflict through games, in *Prisoner’s Dilemma* (1965, with Albert Chammah) and *Two-Person Game Theory* (1966), and his entry Tit for Tat won Robert Axelrod’s computer tournaments of the iterated prisoner’s dilemma.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "SGSR co-founder 1954; co-editor of the yearbook General Systems"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Fights, Games, and Debates* (1960); Rapoport & Chammah, *Prisoner’s Dilemma* (1965); *Two-Person Game Theory* (1966)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "submitted tit for tat, winner of both of Axelrod’s iterated prisoner’s dilemma tournaments (1980)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Anatol Zhabotinsky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Zhabotinsky 1964, Biofizika 9:306, the Belousov–Zhabotinsky chemical clock, a standard dissipative structure"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andrea Cavagna",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Ballerini et al. 2008 (PNAS 105:1232); Cavagna et al. 2010, “Scale-free correlations in starling flocks” (PNAS 107:11865)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andrew P. Vayda",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Vayda & Rappaport 1968, “Ecology, cultural and noncultural”; Vayda (ed.) 1969, *Environment and Cultural Behavior*; Vayda & McCay 1975"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andrew Watson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Watson & Lovelock 1983, Daisyworld (Tellus B 35:284)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Earth system scientist of ocean carbon and atmospheric oxygen (FRS 2003); Lenton & Watson, *Revolutions that Made the Earth* (OUP 2011)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andrew Whiten",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mesoudi, Whiten & Laland 2006 (Behav. Brain Sci. 29:329)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andrey Kolmogorov",
    "bio": "Andrey Kolmogorov (1903–1987) was a Soviet mathematician at Moscow State University whose *Foundations of the Theory of Probability* (1933) gave probability its modern axioms. In classical mechanics he presented in 1954 what became the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) theorem; the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy of dynamical systems carries his name; and in the 1960s he founded algorithmic complexity, the measure of information now called Kolmogorov complexity.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Kolmogorov 1965, Probl. Inf. Transm. 1(1):1, algorithmic complexity"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kolmogorov 1958 metric entropy (Kolmogorov–Sinai), the standard measure of chaotic behaviour; precursor"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Kolmogorov 1954, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 98:527, KAM theorem"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andy Clark",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Clark 2013 BBS target article; *Surfing Uncertainty* (Oxford University Press 2016)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Clark & Chalmers 1998, “The Extended Mind” (Analysis 58:7); *Being There* (MIT Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Andy Stirling",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Smith, Stirling & Berkhout 2005 (Res. Policy 34:1491)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Angélique O. J. Cramer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Cramer, Waldorp, van der Maas & Borsboom 2010, “Comorbidity: A network perspective” (Behav. Brain Sci. 33:137); Cramer et al. 2016, “Major Depression as a Complex Dynamic System” (PLoS ONE 11:e0167490)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Anil Seth",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Seth & Friston 2016, “Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain” (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371:20160007)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Seth, Suzuki & Critchley 2012 (Front. Psychol. 2:395); *Being You* (2021)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Anna Tsing",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*The Mushroom at the End of the World* (2015); *Feral Atlas* (2020, co-ed.)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Annemarie Mol",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*The Body Multiple* (Duke 2002); Law & Mol (eds), *Complexities* (2002)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Anthony Chemero",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Radical Embodied Cognitive Science* (MIT Press 2009)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Arie Rip",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Rip & Kemp 1998, “Technological change”, in Rayner & Malone (eds), *Human Choice and Climate Change*, vol. 2 (Battelle), the multi-level framework transition management builds on"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Armin Moczek",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Laland et al. 2014 and 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Arthur Burks",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "edited and completed von Neumann’s *Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata* (Univ. of Illinois Press, 1966)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Arturo Rosenblueth",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Rosenblueth, Wiener & Bigelow 1943; Macy participant"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Arun Agrawal",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources” 2001 (World Development 29:1649)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ary L. Goldberger",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Lipsitz & Goldberger 1992 (JAMA 267:1806); Goldberger et al. 2002, “Fractal dynamics in physiology” (PNAS 99:2466)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barbara Drossel",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Drossel & Schwabl 1992, PRL 69:1629, SOC forest-fire model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barry Richmond",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "credited with coining ‘systems thinking’ in its system-dynamics sense (1987); “Systems thinking: critical thinking skills” (Syst. Dyn. Rev. 9:113, 1993)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Created the STELLA modelling software (1985)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Barry Wellman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "founded the International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) in 1977"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ben Ramalingam",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ramalingam, Jones, Reba & Young, “Exploring the science of complexity” (ODI Working Paper 285, 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Benjamin Widom",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Widom 1965, J. Chem. Phys. 43:3898, scaling hypothesis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Benoit Mandelbrot",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Mandelbrot 1982, *The Fractal Geometry of Nature* (Freeman); *Les objets fractals* 1975"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mandelbrot 1963, “The variation of certain speculative prices” (J. Business 36:394), fat tails, cited by Mantegna & Stanley 1995; *The (Mis)behaviour of Markets* 2004"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bernard Patten",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "editor of *Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology*, 4 vols (Academic Press 1971–1976)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Berrien Moore",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "chaired the IGBP Scientific Committee 1998–2002 and led the 2001 Amsterdam conference"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bikas Chakrabarti",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Chakrabarti & Chakraborti 2010, “Fifteen years of econophysics research” (arXiv:1010.3401), on the field's naming in Kolkata in 1995"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bill McKelvey",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Uhl-Bien, Marion & McKelvey 2007, complexity leadership theory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Blake LeBaron",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Agent-based computational finance”, *Handbook of Computational Economics* vol. 2 (2006), ch. 24"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Co-author of the SFI artificial stock market (Palmer et al. 1994, Physica D 75:264)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bonnie McCay",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Vayda & McCay 1975, “New directions in ecology and ecological anthropology” (Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 4:293)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": false,
        "note": "McCay & Acheson (eds) 1987, *The Question of the Commons*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Boris Kozo-Polyansky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution* (1924; English, Harvard UP 2010, trans. and ed. Victor Fet with Margulis); precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brenda Zimmerman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Edgeware* (VHA 1998, with Lindberg & Plsek); Glouberman & Zimmerman 2002, Romanow Commission paper 8"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brian Castellani",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Castellani & Hafferty, *Sociology and Complexity Science* (Springer 2009) and its map of the complexity sciences"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brian K. Hall",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*Evolutionary Developmental Biology* (Chapman and Hall 1992)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Brian Walker",
    "bio": "Brian Walker (born 1940) is an ecologist, trained on savannas and rangelands in southern Africa, who led CSIRO’s Division of Wildlife and Ecology in Australia from 1987 to 1999. He chaired the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme’s project on Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (1990–1997) and directed the Resilience Alliance’s science programme from 2000. With David Salt he wrote *Resilience Thinking* (2006), and he co-authored the 2009 planetary boundaries paper.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Walker_(ecologist)"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "programme director and board chair of the Resilience Alliance; Walker & Salt, *Resilience Thinking* (Island Press 2006)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "chaired the IGBP Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems project 1990–1997"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Rockström et al. 2009"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Bruno Latour",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Facing Gaia* (Gifford Lectures 2013; 2017); Lenton & Latour 2018, “Gaia 2.0”"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "co-founder; *Science in Action* (1987), *Reassembling the Social* (2005)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "C. S. Holling",
    "bio": "C. S. “Buzz” Holling (1930–2019) was a Canadian ecologist who worked at the University of British Columbia, directed IIASA in Vienna and held a chair in ecological sciences at the University of Florida. His 1959 studies of predation defined the functional response; his 1973 paper on the resilience of ecological systems founded resilience thinking, which he extended in adaptive management, the adaptive cycle and *Panarchy* (2002), and he founded the Resilience Alliance.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Holling"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Holling 1973 (Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1); *Panarchy* 2002; initiated the Resilience Alliance 1999"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "contributor to Watt (ed.) 1966, *Systems Analysis in Ecology*"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European pine sawfly” (Can. Entomol. 91:293, 1959), the functional response"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "C. West Churchman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*The Systems Approach* 1968"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Churchman, Ackoff & Arnoff 1957; first editor of Management Science 1954"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Carl Folke",
    "bio": "Carl Folke (born 1955) is a Swedish environmental scientist trained in ecological economics at Stockholm University’s Department of Systems Ecology, and director of the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was founding science director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre (2007–2023) and a founder of the Resilience Alliance. His work on social-ecological systems includes *Linking Social and Ecological Systems* (1998, with Fikret Berkes), and he co-authored the 2009 planetary boundaries paper.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Folke"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-founder of the Stockholm Resilience Centre 2007; Folke 2006 (Glob. Environ. Change 16:253)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Rockström et al. 2009"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor, Berkes & Folke (eds) 1998, *Linking Social and Ecological Systems*; Folke et al. 2005, “Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems” (Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30:441)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Carl Walters",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources* (1986); Jones & Walters 1976 on catastrophe models of fisheries"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "wrote the systems ecology chapter of Odum’s *Fundamentals of Ecology*, 3rd ed. (1971); Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem modelling"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chao Tang",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld 1987, PRL 59:381"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Charles Hartshorne",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*The Divine Relativity* (Yale 1948; Wieman's review, Philos. Rev. 58:78, 1949)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Charles Hitch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Hitch & McKean 1960; DoD comptroller introducing PPBS"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Charles Ofria",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "lead developer of Avida; Lenski et al. 2003, Nature 423:139"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Charles Tiebout",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ostrom, Tiebout & Warren 1961 (APSR 55:831), polycentric metropolitan government; founding paper of the programme"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chris Fields",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Fields, Friston, Glazebrook & Levin 2022, “A free energy principle for generic quantum systems” (Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 173:36)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Fields & Levin 2022, “Competency in navigating arbitrary spaces” (Entropy 24:819)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chris Frith",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Making up the Mind* (Blackwell 2007), the brain as Bayesian observer; BPS Book Award 2008"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Fletcher & Frith 2009, “Perceiving is believing” (Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10:48), PP account of psychosis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Christoph Adami",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Avida digital evolution (Lenski, Ofria, Pennock & Adami 2003, Nature 423:139); co-author, “Open problems” (2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Christopher Buckley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Buckley, Kim, McGregor & Seth 2017, J. Math. Psychol. 81:55, mathematical review of the free-energy principle"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Christopher Langton",
    "bio": "Christopher Langton (born 1948 or 1949) is an American computer scientist who named the field of artificial life when he organised its first workshop at Los Alamos in 1987. As a Michigan graduate student he devised Langton’s loops, Langton’s ant and the lambda parameter for cellular automata, and in “Computation at the edge of chaos” (1990) placed computation near phase transitions. At the Santa Fe Institute he led early work on the Swarm modelling toolkit.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Langton"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "led the Swarm toolkit project at SFI (Minar et al. 1996)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Self-reproduction in cellular automata” (Physica D 10, 1984), Langton’s loops"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "convened ALife I (Los Alamos 1987), coined the field’s name; “Computation at the edge of chaos” (1990)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Christopher Zeeman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Zeeman 1976, Sci. Am. 234(4):65; *Selected Papers 1972–1977* (Addison-Wesley 1977)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Chung-Kang Peng",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Peng et al. 1993 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 70:1343); Peng, Havlin, Stanley & Goldberger 1995, detrended fluctuation analysis of heartbeat series (Chaos 5:82)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Claude Shannon",
    "bio": "Claude Shannon (1916–2001) was an American mathematician and electrical engineer who worked at Bell Labs and, from 1956, at MIT. His “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” (1948) founded information theory, and its measure of information as reduced uncertainty became a reference point at the Macy conferences on cybernetics, where he also showed a maze-solving machine. He co-organised the 1956 Dartmouth workshop that founded artificial intelligence.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Presented at the seventh Macy conference, March 1950"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Shannon 1948, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of the Dartmouth proposal (1955)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Claudia D. van Borkulo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": false,
        "note": "van Borkulo et al. 2014, Ising networks from binary data (Sci. Rep. 4:5918)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Claudio Castellano",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Castellano, Fortunato & Loreto 2009, “Statistical physics of social dynamics” (Rev. Mod. Phys. 81:591)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Claus Emmeche",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "co-author of the theses on biosemiotics (2009); a co-editor of the journal *Biosemiotics* from 2008"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Clifford Geertz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*Agricultural Involution* (1963)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Craig Reynolds",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "boids (SIGGRAPH 1987), the standard precursor of agent-based simulation of emergent collective behaviour"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "boids, “Flocks, herds and schools” (SIGGRAPH 1987)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Curt Lindberg",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Zimmerman, Lindberg & Plsek, *Edgeware* (VHA 1998)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Cynthia Kurtz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-created the 2003 Cynefin framework (IBM Syst. J. 42(3))"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Damien Challet",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Challet & Zhang 1997, the minority game (Physica A 246:407)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dana Ballard",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-author of Rao & Ballard 1999"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Daniel Hutto",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hutto & Myin 2013, *Radicalizing Enactivism* (MIT Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Daniel Nicholson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Nicholson & Dupré (eds) 2018, *Everything Flows*, and its manifesto for a processual philosophy of biology"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Daniel Wolpert",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Wolpert, Ghahramani & Jordan 1995 (Science 269:1880); Körding & Wolpert 2004"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dave Snowden",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "began Cynefin at IBM (1999); Kurtz & Snowden 2003; Snowden & Boone 2007; Cognitive Edge (2005)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Byrne",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences* (1998); with Callaghan, *The State of the Art* (2014)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Chalmers",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Clark & Chalmers 1998, “The Extended Mind” (Analysis 58:7)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David E. Goldberg",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning* (1989)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Knill",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Knill & Richards (eds) 1996, *Perception as Bayesian Inference*; Knill & Pouget 2004"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Krakauer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "SFI president from 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David L. Harvey",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Reed & Harvey 1992; Harvey & Reed 1994 (J. Soc. Evol. Syst. 17:371)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Marr",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Vision* (1982), the levels of analysis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Mumford",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lee & Mumford 2003, “Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex” (JOSA A 20:1434), cited by Friston 2005"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mumford 1992, “On the computational architecture of the neocortex II” (Biol. Cybern. 66:241), precursor built on by Rao & Ballard 1999"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Pines",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "SFI co-founder; ed. *Emerging Syntheses in Science* 1988, the founding workshops"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-ed. *The Economy as an Evolving Complex System* 1988"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Ruelle",
    "bio": "David Ruelle (born 1935) is a Belgian-born French mathematical physicist, professor at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris from 1964. With Floris Takens he argued in “On the nature of turbulence” (1971) that turbulence arises through strange attractors, a term they coined. He helped build a rigorous theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics, and with Yakov Sinai and Rufus Bowen introduced the SRB measures that describe the statistics of chaotic attractors.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ruelle"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Ruelle & Takens 1971, Commun. Math. Phys. 20:167, strange attractors"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measures and the Ruelle zeta function, ergodic theory of hyperbolic dynamics (1970s)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Statistical Mechanics: Rigorous Results* (1969); *Thermodynamic Formalism* (1978)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Rumelhart",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "first author of backpropagation (Nature 323:533, 1986); *Parallel Distributed Processing* (1986)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Sherrington",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sherrington & Kirkpatrick 1975, PRL 35:1792, solvable spin-glass model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "David Sumpter",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "“The principles of collective animal behaviour” (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 361:5, 2006)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Deborah Bird Rose",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": false,
        "note": "multispecies ethnography of extinction; co-founded Environmental Humanities (2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Deepak Dhar",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Dhar 1990, PRL 64:1613, exact solution of the abelian sandpile"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Denis Noble",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "computational models of the heart; “A theory of biological relativity” (Interface Focus 2:55, 2012)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“A theory of biological relativity” (Interface Focus 2:55, 2012); “Evolution beyond neo-Darwinism” (J. Exp. Biol. 218:7, 2015); co-organiser of the Royal Society meeting of November 2016"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Denise Pumain",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "ed. *Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences* (Springer 2006), the Paris school of urban systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dennis Meadows",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Directed the Limits to Growth project; co-author 1972"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Denny Borsboom",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Borsboom 2008, “Psychometric perspectives on diagnostic systems” (J. Clin. Psychol. 64:1089); co-author of Cramer et al. 2010 (Behav. Brain Sci. 33:137); Borsboom 2017, “A network theory of mental disorders” (World Psychiatry 16:5)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Derk Loorbach",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Loorbach 2010, transition management as a “complexity-based governance framework” (Governance 23:161)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Detlev Arendt",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Lyon, Keijzer, Arendt & Levin 2021, “Reframing cognition”"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dian Hitchcock",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hitchcock & Lovelock 1967 (Icarus 7:149), life detection by atmospheric disequilibrium; precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Diana Coole",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Coole & Frost (eds), *New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics* (Duke 2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Didier Sornette",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Sornette, Johansen & Bouchaud 1996, log-periodic precursors of stock-market crashes (J. Phys. I France 6:167)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dietmar Plenz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Beggs & Plenz 2003, J. Neurosci. 23:11167"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dirk Baecker",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Doctorate and habilitation under Luhmann; *Studien zur nächsten Gesellschaft* 2007"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dmitri Anosov",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Anosov 1967, geodesic flows of negative curvature, Trudy Steklov 90, Anosov systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Donella Meadows",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“Whole Earth Models and Systems” 1982; “Places to Intervene in a System” 1997; *Thinking in Systems* (drafted 1993) 2008"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Lead author of *The Limits to Growth* 1972"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Donna Haraway",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*When Species Meet* (2008); *Staying with the Trouble* (2016), sympoiesis"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "naturecultures and diffraction, named as a source of new materialism by Dolphijn & van der Tuin (2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Dorion Sagan",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Margulis & Sagan, *Microcosmos* (1986) and *Acquiring Genomes* (2002)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sagan & Margulis 1987, “Gaia and the evolution of machines”, joining Gaia to autopoiesis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Douglas Blackiston",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of the Xenobot paper (PNAS 2020); built the organisms"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Douglas Futuyma",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "critic: “Evolutionary biology today and the call for an extended synthesis” (Interface Focus 7:20160145, 2017), at the 2016 Royal Society meeting"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Douglas Griffin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Stacey, Griffin & Shaw 2000; complex responsive processes, Hertfordshire"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Duncan Watts",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Watts & Strogatz 1998 (Nature 393:440); *Small Worlds* 1999; SFI postdoc 1998–99 (Watts CV)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "E. O. Wilson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": false,
        "note": "MacArthur & Wilson 1967, *The Theory of Island Biogeography* (Princeton UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eben Kirksey",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kirksey & Helmreich, “The emergence of multispecies ethnography” (Cult. Anthropol. 25(4), 2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edgar F. Codd",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Cellular Automata* (Academic Press, 1968): 8-state self-reproducing universal constructor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edgar Morin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*La Méthode* (1977–2004); *Introduction à la pensée complexe* (1990); restricted vs general complexity (Cerisy 2005)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eduardo Kohn",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*How Forests Think* (University of California Press 2013)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edward Lorenz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Lorenz 1963, J. Atmos. Sci. 20:130"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edward Ott",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ott, Grebogi & Yorke 1990, “Controlling chaos”, PRL 64:1196"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edward Routh",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*A Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion* (Adams Prize 1877); Routh stability criterion"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edwin Hutchins",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Cognition in the Wild* (MIT Press 1995), distributed cognition"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Edwin Jaynes",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Jaynes 1957, Phys. Rev. 106:620, maximum-entropy inference"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Jaynes 1957, Phys. Rev. 106:620, statistical mechanics as maximum-entropy inference"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eiko I. Fried",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Epskamp, Borsboom & Fried 2018 (Behav. Res. Methods 50:195); Fried et al. 2017, “Mental disorders as networks of problems: a review of recent insights” (Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 52:1)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eleanor Rosch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "co-author of *The Embodied Mind* (1991)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Elena Esposito",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Die Fiktion der wahrscheinlichen Realität* 2007; *The Future of Futures* 2011"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Elinor Ostrom",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ostrom, Gardner & Walker, *Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources* (Michigan 1994), game-theoretic models and experiments"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Governing the Commons* 1990; Ostrom 2009 (Science 325:419); Nobel 2009"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Elsa Arcaute",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Arcaute et al. 2015, “Constructing cities, deconstructing scaling laws” (J. R. Soc. Interface 12:20140745)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Elwyn Berlekamp",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays* (with Conway & Guy, 1982), final chapter outlines Life’s universality"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Emilio Moran",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology* (1979)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eric Beinhocker",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*The Origin of Wealth* 2006 (Harvard Business School Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Erich Jantsch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Jantsch 1980, *The Self-Organizing Universe* (Pergamon), synthesis around dissipative structures"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Erik Myin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hutto & Myin 2013, *Radicalizing Enactivism* (MIT Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ernst Ising",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ising 1925, Z. Phys. 31:253"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ernst Mayr",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Systematics and the Origin of Species* (Columbia UP 1942); Mayr & Provine (eds) 1980, *The Evolutionary Synthesis* (Harvard UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ernst von Glasersfeld",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Radical constructivism; *Radical Constructivism* 1995"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ervin László",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Introduction to Systems Philosophy* 1972"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Esther Thelen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Thelen, Kelso & Fogel 1987; Thelen & Smith 1994"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eugene F. Stoermer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Crutzen & Stoermer 2000, “The ‘Anthropocene’”"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eugene P. Odum",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Fundamentals of Ecology* (1953); “The strategy of ecosystem development” (Science 1969)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eugene Rosenberg",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Zilber-Rosenberg & Rosenberg 2008, hologenome theory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Eva Jablonka",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Jablonka & Lamb, “Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance”, in Pigliucci & Müller (eds) 2010; co-author of Laland et al. 2014 and 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Evan Thompson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-author of *The Embodied Mind* (1991); *Mind in Life* (2007)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ezequiel Di Paolo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "evolutionary robotics and homeostatic adaptation at Sussex, ECAL papers; editor-in-chief of Adaptive Behavior"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Di Paolo 2005, “Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency” (Phenom. Cogn. Sci. 4:429); De Jaegher & Di Paolo 2007"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Félix Guattari",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "source: with Deleuze, creator of the assemblage (agencement), *Mille plateaux* (1980), as DeLanda 2016 credits them"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Fikret Berkes",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Berkes & Folke (eds) 1998, *Linking Social and Ecological Systems* (Cambridge UP)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Berkes & Folke (eds) 1998, *Linking Social and Ecological Systems*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Floris de Lange",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": false,
        "note": "de Lange, Heilbron & Kok 2018, “How do expectations shape perception?” (Trends Cogn. Sci. 22:764)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Floris Takens",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ruelle & Takens 1971, Commun. Math. Phys. 20:167"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "bifurcation theory of vector fields (Takens 1974, Publ. IHES 43) and with Palis; Takens embedding theorem 1981"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Francis Bretherton",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "chaired NASA’s Earth System Sciences Committee; *Earth System Science: Overview* (1986)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Francisco Varela",
    "bio": "Francisco Varela (1946–2001) was a Chilean biologist who taught at the University of Chile and from 1986 worked in Paris, latterly at the CNRS. With his teacher Humberto Maturana he introduced autopoiesis in 1972, and he developed Spencer-Brown’s *Laws of Form* into a calculus for self-reference. He co-edited the proceedings of the first European Conference on Artificial Life, and *The Embodied Mind* (1991, with Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch) set out the enactive approach to cognition.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“A calculus for self-reference” (1975); worked with von Foerster"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-founded ECAL, the first European Conference on Artificial Life (Paris 1991); ed. with Bourgine, *Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems* (MIT 1992)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-author of *De máquinas y seres vivos* (1972) and *The Embodied Mind* (1991)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Frank Golley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "ecosystem energetics at Georgia; *A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology* (Yale 1993)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Frank Rosenblatt",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "the perceptron (Psychol. Rev. 65:386, 1958); Mark I Perceptron"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Frank W. Geels",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Geels 2002, the multi-level perspective (Res. Policy 31:1257); Geels & Schot 2007, “Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways” (Res. Policy 36:399)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "František Baluška",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Baluška & Levin 2016, “On having no head” (Front. Psychol. 7:902)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Fred Emery",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Editor of *Systems Thinking* (Penguin 1969)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Fred Keijzer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Lyon, Keijzer, Arendt & Levin 2021, “Reframing cognition”, basal cognition theme issue (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 376:20190750)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Frederic Hafferty",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Castellani & Hafferty, *Sociology and Complexity Science* (2009)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Frederik Stjernfelt",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of the theses on biosemiotics (2009)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "G. Evelyn Hutchinson",
    "bio": "G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991) was an English-born ecologist and limnologist who spent almost his whole career at Yale, latterly as Sterling Professor of Zoology, and wrote the multi-volume *A Treatise on Limnology* (from 1957). He took part in the Macy conferences on cybernetics and described lakes and nutrient cycles as circular causal systems of feedback, the view his student H. T. Odum developed into systems ecology. He also redefined the niche as a multi-dimensional hypervolume.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Macy conference participant; “Circular causal systems in ecology” (1946 NYAS teleological mechanisms meeting, publ. 1948)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Circular causal systems in ecology” (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 50:221, 1948); mentor of H. T. Odum; precursor"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“Concluding remarks” (Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 22:415, 1957), the niche as a hypervolume"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "G. H. Hardy",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Mendelian proportions in a mixed population” (Science 28:49, 1908), the equilibrium law; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Garry Peterson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Peterson, Allen & Holling 1998, “Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale” (Ecosystems 1:6)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gary Klein",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Sources of Power* (1998), naturalistic decision making, cited by Snowden 2002 and Kurtz & Snowden 2003"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Geoffrey Hinton",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of “The Helmholtz machine” (1995)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Boltzmann machines (1985), backpropagation (1986), AlexNet (2012); 2018 Turing Award, 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Geoffrey Vickers",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "president of the Society for General Systems Research, 1977"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Appreciative systems, *The Art of Judgment* 1965; drawn on by Checkland"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Geoffrey West",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "SFI president 2005–2009; West, Brown & Enquist 1997, allometric scaling in biology (Science 276:122)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Bettencourt, Lobo, Helbing, Kühnert & West 2007 (PNAS 104:7301); SFI’s cities, scaling and sustainability project"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George A. Miller",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” (Psychol. Rev. 63:81, 1956)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George Birkhoff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Birkhoff 1927, *Dynamical Systems* (AMS Colloquium Publ. 9)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "pointwise ergodic theorem (PNAS 1931), the rationale for equating time and phase averages"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George Cowan",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "SFI co-founder and first president from 1984 (Cowan 1995, Complexity 1(3))"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George Dantzig",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Simplex method 1947, published 1951"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George E. Kimball",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Morse & Kimball 1951, *Methods of Operations Research*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George Klir",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*An Approach to General Systems Theory* 1969"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George Price",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Maynard Smith & Price 1973 (Nature 246:15)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Selection and covariance” (Nature 227:520, 1970), the Price equation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "George Van Dyne",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "“Ecosystems, systems ecology and systems ecologists” (ORNL-3957, 1966); founded NREL at Colorado State in 1967 and led the US IBP Grassland Biome from 1968"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Georgy Gause",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "“Experimental analysis of Vito Volterra’s mathematical theory of the struggle for existence” (Science 79:16, 1934); *The Struggle for Existence* (1934)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gerald Midgley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Systemic Intervention* 2000"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gerd B. Müller",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“Evo–devo: extending the evolutionary synthesis” (Nat. Rev. Genet. 8:943, 2007)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-organiser of the Altenberg workshop (2008) and co-editor of *Evolution – the Extended Synthesis* (MIT Press 2010); co-author of Laland et al. 2014 and 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gill Callaghan",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Byrne & Callaghan, *Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences: The State of the Art* (2014)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gilles Deleuze",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "source: Deleuze and Guattari’s agencement (*Mille plateaux*, 1980), which DeLanda 2006 and 2016 rebuild on his reconstruction of Deleuze’s ontology (2002)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "a process ontology of difference and becoming: *Le Bergsonisme* (1966), multiplicity and duration; *Différence et répétition* (1968); *Le Pli* (1988), ch. 6, “Qu'est-ce qu'un événement ?”, on Whitehead's event; “French process thought” in Seibt's SEP entry"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Giorgio Parisi",
    "bio": "Giorgio Parisi (born 1948) is an Italian theoretical physicist at the Sapienza University of Rome. He solved the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model of spin glasses through replica symmetry breaking, worked on disordered systems, growing interfaces (the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation) and the collective motion of bird flocks, and wrote *In a Flight of Starlings*. He shared the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Nobel Prize in Physics 2021, awarded for contributions to understanding complex physical systems"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Parisi 1979, PRL 43:1754, replica symmetry breaking in spin glasses"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Ballerini et al. 2008 (PNAS 105:1232) and Cavagna et al. 2010 (PNAS 107:11865)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Giovanni Pezzulo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-author of *Active Inference* (2022); Pezzulo, Rigoli & Friston 2015, Prog. Neurobiol."
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Pezzulo & Levin 2015, “Re-membering the body” (Integr. Biol. 7:1487); Friston, Levin, Sengupta & Pezzulo 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gizem Gumuskaya",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "first author of the anthrobot paper, “Motile living biobots” (Adv. Sci. 2023, doi 10.1002/advs.202303575)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gordon Pask",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Musicolour machine (1953); *An Approach to Cybernetics* 1961"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Conversation, Cognition and Learning* 1975"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Grégoire Nicolis",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Nicolis & Prigogine 1989, *Exploring Complexity* (Freeman); Nicolis & Nicolis, *Foundations of Complex Systems* (World Scientific 2007)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Prigogine & Nicolis 1967; Nicolis & Prigogine 1977, *Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems* (Wiley)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gregor Schöner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Schöner & Kelso 1988, “Dynamic pattern generation in behavioral and neural systems” (Science 239:1513), synergetics applied to coordination"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Thelen, Schöner, Scheier & Smith 2001, dynamic field theory of the A-not-B error"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gregory Bateson",
    "bio": "Gregory Bateson (1904–1980) was an English anthropologist who did fieldwork in New Guinea and Bali, worked in Palo Alto and from 1972 taught at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A member of the core group of the Macy conferences on cybernetics, he carried its ideas into the social and behavioural sciences, developed the double-bind theory with colleagues (1956) and collected his essays in *Steps to an Ecology of Mind* (1972). Biosemioticians count him a precursor.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Bateson"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Core Macy participant; *Steps to an Ecology of Mind* 1972"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Steps to an Ecology of Mind* 1972; named among second-order figures"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": false,
        "note": "named its precursor in Hoffmeyer (ed.) 2008, *A Legacy for Living Systems* (Springer)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gregory Chaitin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Chaitin 1966, J. ACM 13:547, algorithmic information theory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Gunther Teubner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Recht als autopoietisches System* 1989"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Guy Theraulaz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Bonabeau, Dorigo & Theraulaz 1999, *Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems* (Oxford UP)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Camazine et al. 2001, *Self-Organization in Biological Systems* (Princeton UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "H. Eugene Stanley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Mantegna & Stanley 1995 (Nature 376:46); Stanley et al. 1996 (Physica A 224:302), the name in print; *An Introduction to Econophysics* (Cambridge UP 1999)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Peng et al. 1993 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 70:1343) and Goldberger et al. 2002 (PNAS 99:2466); Stanley et al. 1999, “Statistical physics and physiology” (Physica A 270:309)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Han L. J. van der Maas",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-author of Cramer et al. 2010 and 2016; van der Maas & Molenaar 1992, catastrophe theory in cognitive development (Psychol. Rev. 99:395)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hanne De Jaegher",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "De Jaegher & Di Paolo 2007, “Participatory sense-making” (Phenom. Cogn. Sci. 6:485)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hans Joachim Schellnhuber",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "founded PIK 1992; “‘Earth system’ analysis and the second Copernican revolution” (Nature 402:C19, 1999)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "co-author of Lenton et al. 2008 and Rockström et al. 2009"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hans-Paul Schwefel",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Evolutionsstrategie und numerische Optimierung* (1975); Bäck, Hammel & Schwefel 1997, the field’s history (IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1:3)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Harold S. Black",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Negative-feedback amplifier 1927; “Stabilized feedback amplifiers”, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 13:1 (1934)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Harold W. Kuhn",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Contributions to the Theory of Games* I–II (1950, 1953), extensive-form games; Kuhn poker"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kuhn & Tucker 1951, nonlinear programming; Hungarian method (Naval Res. Logist. Q. 1955)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Harrison White",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "White, Boorman & Breiger 1976, “Social structure from multiple networks. I. Blockmodels of roles and positions” (Am. J. Sociol. 81:730)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Harry Nyquist",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "“Regeneration Theory”, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 11:126 (1932)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Nyquist 1924, “Certain factors affecting telegraph speed”, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 3:324; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hector Sussmann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sussmann & Jurdjevic 1972, “Controllability of nonlinear systems” (J. Differ. Equ. 12:95), Lie-algebraic accessibility; a founder of geometric control theory"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Zahler & Sussmann 1977, Nature 269:759; Sussmann & Zahler 1978, Synthese, critique of the applications"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Heinz von Foerster",
    "bio": "Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002) was an Austrian-American physicist who taught at the University of Illinois from 1949 and directed its Biological Computer Laboratory from 1958. The youngest of the Macy conferences’ core group, he edited their transactions, *Cybernetics* (1949–1953). In 1960 he organised a conference on the principles of self-organisation and proposed the principle of “order from noise”; he is widely credited as the originator of second-order cybernetics, the subject of *Cybernetics of Cybernetics* (1974), which he edited.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Edited the Macy proceedings with Mead and Teuber"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Director of the Biological Computer Laboratory 1958–1976; *Cybernetics of Cybernetics* 1974"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "organised the 1960 Symposium on Principles of Self-Organization; “On self-organizing systems and their environments” (1960), order from noise; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Helmut Willke",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Systemtheorie* 1982 (UTB)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hendrik Bode",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design* 1945"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Henri Bergson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*L'Évolution créatrice* (1907; *Creative Evolution*, Holt 1911, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.21922)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Henri Poincaré",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Three-body memoir 1890 (Acta Math. 13), sensitive dependence on initial conditions; chaos literature treats him as its discoverer"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Poincaré 1881, J. Math. Pures Appl. 7:375; three-body memoir, Acta Math. 13 (1890)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "leads the Centre for Complexity Science at Imperial College; *Complexity Science: The Study of Emergence* (CUP 2022)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Jensen 1998, *Self-Organized Criticality* (Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics 10)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Herbert A. Simon",
    "bio": "Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) was an American social scientist at Carnegie Mellon University from 1949 and winner of the 1978 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, known for bounded rationality and satisficing. With Allen Newell he wrote the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver, founding programs of artificial intelligence and of cognitive science; he co-wrote *Planning Production, Inventories, and Work Force* (1960); and “The Architecture of Complexity” (1962) analysed complex systems as nearly decomposable hierarchies.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The Architecture of Complexity” 1962 (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 106); a precursor"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Newell & Simon 1958, “Heuristic problem solving: the next advance in operations research” (Oper. Res. 6:1); Holt, Modigliani, Muth & Simon 1960, *Planning Production, Inventories, and Work Force*"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Newell & Simon 1956, the Logic Theory Machine (IRE Trans. Inf. Theory 2:61); the physical symbol system hypothesis (Commun. ACM 19:113, 1976)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Herman Daly",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 63,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Steady-State Economics* (1977), cited in Costanza 1989; Daly & Farley 2004, *Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications* (Island Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hermann Haken",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Haken 1977, *Synergetics* (Springer); Graham & Haken 1970, Z. Phys. 237:31"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hermann Held",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Held & Kleinen 2004 (Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:L23207); co-author of Lenton et al. 2008"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hiroaki Kitano",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "“Systems biology: a brief overview” (Science 295:1662, 2002); ed. *Foundations of Systems Biology* (MIT Press 2001)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hod Lipson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "evolved and fabricated robots, Lipson & Pollack 2000 (Nature 406:974)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Howard Pattee",
    "bio": "Howard Pattee (1926–2026) was an American physicist turned theoretical biologist, a professor at Binghamton University, whose work turned on how matter in the cell comes to carry codes and symbols. He edited *Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems* (1973), contributed “Simulations, realizations, and theories of life” to the 1987 Los Alamos workshop that founded artificial life, and is described as the founder of physical biosemiotics.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_H._Pattee"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "ed. *Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems* (Braziller 1973, International Library of Systems Theory and Philosophy)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Simulations, realizations, and theories of life”, in Langton (ed.), *Artificial Life* (1989), from the 1987 Los Alamos workshop"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Pattee & Kull 2009, “A biosemiotic conversation: between physics and semiotics” (Sign Syst. Stud. 37:311)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Howard T. Odum",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Silver Springs energy budget (Ecol. Monogr. 1957); *Environment, Power and Society* (1971)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Hugo Critchley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Seth, Suzuki & Critchley 2012, interoceptive predictive coding model (Front. Psychol. 2:395)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Humberto Maturana",
    "bio": "Humberto Maturana (1928–2021) was a Chilean biologist at the University of Chile. Working at MIT after a Harvard doctorate, he co-wrote “What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain” (1959) with Jerome Lettvin, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts. His *Biology of Cognition* (1970), a report of Heinz von Foerster’s Biological Computer Laboratory, and the concept of autopoiesis, his idea developed with his student Francisco Varela, place him among the theorists of second-order cybernetics.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Maturana"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lettvin, Maturana, McCulloch & Pitts 1959, “What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain” (Proc. IRE 47:1940), in McCulloch’s MIT group"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "At the BCL 1968–69; *Biology of Cognition* 1970"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "co-author of *De máquinas y seres vivos* (1972) and Varela, Maturana & Uribe 1974"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Iain Couzin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Couzin, Krause, James, Ruxton & Franks 2002 (J. Theor. Biol. 218:1)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ian Stewart",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Golubitsky, Stewart & Schaeffer 1988, *Singularities and Groups in Bifurcation Theory II* (Springer); symmetric bifurcation and coupled-oscillator networks"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Poston & Stewart 1978, *Catastrophe Theory and Its Applications* (Pitman)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ilana Zilber-Rosenberg",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Zilber-Rosenberg & Rosenberg 2008, hologenome theory (FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32:723)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ilya Prigogine",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Prigogine & Nicolis 1967, J. Chem. Phys. 46:3542; 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for dissipative structures"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics* (Interscience 1962), founding the Brussels(-Austin) school of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ilya Sutskever",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "AlexNet (2012); sequence-to-sequence learning"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ingo Rechenberg",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*Evolutionsstrategie* (1973), evolution strategies"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ingrid A. van de Leemput",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": false,
        "note": "van de Leemput et al. 2014, critical slowing down before shifts into and out of depression (PNAS 111:87)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Irene Giardina",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "co-author of Ballerini et al. 2008 and Cavagna et al. 2010"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Iris van der Tuin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Dolphijn & van der Tuin, *New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies* (Open Humanities 2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Isabelle Stengers",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Prigogine & Stengers 1979, *La Nouvelle Alliance*; *Order out of Chaos* 1984"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "*Penser avec Whitehead* (Seuil 2002); *Thinking with Whitehead* (Harvard 2011)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ivan Wallin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Symbionticism and the Origin of Species* (1927), bacterial origin of mitochondria; precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "J. A. Scott Kelso",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Haken, Kelso & Bunz 1985, Biol. Cybern. 51:347; Kelso 1995, *Dynamic Patterns* (MIT Press)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-author of Thelen, Kelso & Fogel 1987 (Dev. Rev. 7:39)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "J. B. S. Haldane",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*The Causes of Evolution* (Longmans, Green 1932); “A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection” (1924–34)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "J. Doyne Farmer",
    "bio": "J. Doyne Farmer (born 1952) is an American complex systems scientist, director of complexity economics at INET Oxford and external professor at the Santa Fe Institute. At Santa Cruz he co-founded the Dynamical Systems Collective, whose state-space reconstruction recovers a chaotic attractor from one time series. At Los Alamos he founded the Complex Systems Group (1988) and modelled evolving autocatalytic sets; he has since built econophysical and agent-based models of markets and economies.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Doyne_Farmer"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Farmer, Kauffman & Packard 1986 (Physica D 22:50); SFI external faculty"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Packard, Crutchfield, Farmer & Shaw 1980, PRL 45:712 (Santa Cruz Dynamical Systems Collective)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Farmer & Foley 2009, “The economy needs agent-based modelling” (Nature 460:685); leads agent-based macro and housing-market models at INET Oxford"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor, *Artificial Life II* (SFI workshop, Feb 1990)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Agent-based finance and macroeconomics; Farmer & Foley 2009, “The economy needs agent-based modelling” (Nature 460:685)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lillo, Farmer & Mantegna 2003, the price-impact function (Nature 421:129); Farmer & Lillo 2004, the origin of power-law tails in price fluctuations (Quant. Finance 4:7)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "J. Kevin O'Regan",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "O’Regan & Noë 2001, “A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness” (Behav. Brain Sci. 24:939)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jacob L. Moreno",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Who Shall Survive?* (1934), sociometry"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jakob Hohwy",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*The Predictive Mind* (Oxford University Press 2013)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jakob von Uexküll",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere* (Springer 1909), the Umwelt; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James A. Shapiro",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "founded the Third Way of Evolution website with Noble and Pookottil (2014); response to Noble 2021 in *Biosemiotics* (14:73)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James A. Yorke",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Li & Yorke 1975, “Period three implies chaos”, Amer. Math. Monthly 82:985; Ott, Grebogi & Yorke 1990, PRL 64:1196"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James Clerk Maxwell",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "“On Governors”, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 16:270 (1868)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Maxwell 1860, Phil. Mag. 19:19, velocity distribution (read 1859)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James Gleick",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Gleick 1987, *Chaos: Making a New Science* (Viking), the popular account"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James Grier Miller",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Hosted SGSR at Michigan’s Mental Health Research Institute; *Living Systems* 1978"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James Kennedy",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kennedy & Eberhart 1995, particle swarm optimisation (Proc. ICNN’95 4:1942)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James Kirchner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "critique at the 1988 Chapman Conference; “The Gaia hypothesis: can it be tested?” (Rev. Geophys. 1989)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James Lovelock",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Lovelock 1972 (Atmos. Environ. 6:579); *Gaia* (OUP 1979); Daisyworld 1983"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Gaia named by Steffen et al. 2020 (Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1:54) as an inspiration of Earth system science; disputed by Barton 2023, as the description notes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James McClelland",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Parallel Distributed Processing* (with Rumelhart and the PDP Research Group, MIT Press, 1986)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "James P. Crutchfield",
    "bio": "James P. Crutchfield (born 1955) is an American physicist who directs the Complexity Sciences Center at the University of California, Davis, and was long a research professor at the Santa Fe Institute. As a Santa Cruz student he belonged to the Dynamical Systems Collective, who reconstructed chaotic attractors from time series. With Karl Young he began computational mechanics in “Inferring statistical complexity” (1989), and with Melanie Mitchell evolved cellular automata to compute.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Crutchfield"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Crutchfield & Young 1989, “Inferring statistical complexity” (PRL 63:105), computational mechanics; SFI external faculty"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Packard, Crutchfield, Farmer & Shaw 1980, PRL 45:712"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mitchell, Crutchfield & Das 1996, evolving cellular automata with genetic algorithms (EvCA); computational mechanics of CA particles"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jan Rotmans",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Rotmans, Kemp & van Asselt 2001, “More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy” (Foresight 3:15); Rotmans & Loorbach 2009 (J. Ind. Ecol. 13:184)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jan Sapp",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Evolution by Association* (OUP 1994); Gilbert, Sapp & Tauber 2012"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jane Bennett",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“The force of things” (Political Theory 2004); *Vibrant Matter* (Duke 2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jay Forrester",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Founded industrial dynamics 1956; *Industrial Dynamics* 1961; *World Dynamics* 1971"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jean-Louis Deneubourg",
    "bio": "Jean-Louis Deneubourg is an ethologist at the Université libre de Bruxelles, where he took his doctorate (1979), worked for the Belgian FNRS (1990–2016) and has been professor since 1991. He studies how interactions among individuals give animal groups abilities beyond any one member. His work with Simon Goss and colleagues on how trail pheromones let Argentine ants find the shortest path (1989) inspired ant colony optimisation; he co-wrote *Self-Organization in Biological Systems* (2001).",
    "more": {
      "label": "Science & Cocktails",
      "url": "https://www.scienceandcocktails.org/en/events/brussels/social-interactions-and-collective-behaviour"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Deneubourg 1977, order through fluctuations in the nest building of termites (Insectes Soc. 24:117)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Deneubourg & Goss 1989 (Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 1:295) and Goss, Aron, Deneubourg & Pasteels 1989 (Naturwissenschaften 76:579), the ant models the ant system builds on"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz & Bonabeau 2001, *Self-Organization in Biological Systems* (Princeton UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jean-Louis Le Moigne",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*La théorie du système général: théorie de la modélisation* (PUF 1977), the French general-systems text"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "co-directed the Cerisy colloquium Intelligence de la complexité (2005) with Morin; *La théorie du système général* (1977)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jean-Philippe Bouchaud",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Laloux, Cizeau, Bouchaud & Potters 1999, random-matrix noise in financial correlations (PRL 83:1467); Bouchaud & Potters, *Theory of Financial Risk and Derivative Pricing* (Cambridge UP 2003)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jeffrey M. Hausdorff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hausdorff et al. 1995, long-range correlations in the stride interval of human gait (J. Appl. Physiol. 78:349); co-author of Goldberger et al. 2002"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jerry Fodor",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "*The Language of Thought* (1975); Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988 (Cognition 28:3) against connectionism"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jesper Hoffmeyer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Signs of Meaning in the Universe* (Indiana UP 1996), code duality and semiotic freedom; ed. *A Legacy for Living Systems* (Springer 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jochen Markard",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Markard, Raven & Truffer 2012, “Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects” (Res. Policy 41:955)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Johan Rockström",
    "bio": "Johan Rockström (born 1965) is a Swedish Earth system scientist, trained in soil science, hydrology and systems ecology, who directed the Stockholm Resilience Centre from its founding in 2007 to 2018 and has since been joint director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. In 2009 he led the group of 29 authors that proposed the planetary boundaries framework, nine Earth system limits that mark a “safe operating space for humanity”, updated in 2015.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Rockstr%C3%B6m"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-founder and first director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre 2007"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "joint director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research from 2018, succeeding Schellnhuber; co-author of Steffen et al. 2020 on Earth system science"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "lead author of Rockström et al. 2009 (Nature 461:472; Ecol. Soc. 14(2):32)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Johan Schot",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Kemp, Schot & Hoogma 1998 (Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 10:175); Geels & Schot 2007 (Res. Policy 36:399)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Johanna Seibt",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": false,
        "note": "author of “Process Philosophy”, *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (2012, revised 2022)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John B. Cobb Jr.",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-founder of *Process Studies* (1971) with Lewis Ford"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Conway",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Game of Life (Gardner 1970); universality sketch in *Winning Ways* (Berlekamp, Conway & Guy 1982)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Doyle",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Csete & Doyle 2002, “Reverse engineering of biological complexity” (Science 295:1664)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Dupré",
    "bio": "John Dupré (born 1952) is a British philosopher of biology, professor at the University of Exeter and director of Egenis, its Centre for the Study of Life Sciences, known for arguing against reductionism. With Maureen O’Malley he set out “Fundamental issues in systems biology” (2005); he co-organised the 2016 Royal Society and British Academy meeting on new trends in evolutionary biology; and with Daniel Nicholson he edited *Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology* (2018).",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "O’Malley & Dupré 2005 (BioEssays 27:1270)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-organiser of the Royal Society and British Academy meeting “New trends in evolutionary biology” (2016; Interface Focus 7:20170051)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Nicholson & Dupré (eds) 2018, *Everything Flows* (Oxford UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Edensor Littlewood",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Cartwright & Littlewood 1945, J. London Math. Soc. 20:180"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Harsanyi",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“Games with Incomplete Information Played by Bayesian Players” 1967–68 (Management Science 14); Nobel 1994"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Holland",
    "bio": "John Holland (1929–2015) was an American computer scientist at the University of Michigan, which gave him its first computer science doctorate (1959), and a Santa Fe Institute trustee. *Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems* (1975) set out the genetic algorithm; he also devised classifier systems. *Hidden Order* (1995) framed complex adaptive systems, and with John Miller (1991) and on SFI’s artificial stock market (1994) he brought adaptive agents into economics.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Holland"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Hidden Order* 1995; *Signals and Boundaries* 2012; SFI CAS workshop 1986"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Holland & Miller 1991, “Artificial adaptive agents in economic theory” (AER 81:365); SFI artificial stock market (Palmer et al. 1994)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-author of the SFI artificial stock market (Palmer et al. 1994); Holland & Miller 1991 (AER 81:365)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "“Outline for a logical theory of adaptive systems” (J. ACM 9:297, 1962); *Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems* (1975), the genetic algorithm; classifier systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Hopfield",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Hopfield network (PNAS 79:2554, 1982); 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Koza",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Genetic Programming* (MIT Press 1992)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Law",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-founder; ed. *Power, Action and Belief* (1986); Law & Hassard (eds), *Actor Network Theory and After* (1999)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John M. Beggs",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Beggs & Plenz 2003, J. Neurosci. 23:11167, neuronal avalanches"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Maynard Smith",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Maynard Smith & Price 1973 (Nature 246:15); *Evolution and the Theory of Games* 1982"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John McCarthy",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "first proposer of the Dartmouth summer project on artificial intelligence (proposal of 31 Aug. 1955)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Miller",
    "bio": "John H. Miller is an American economist, professor of economics and social science at Carnegie Mellon University and the Santa Fe Institute’s first postdoctoral fellow (1988–1990), later chair of its Science Steering Committee. With John Holland he wrote “Artificial adaptive agents in economic theory” (1991), a founding case for agent-based models in economics, and co-founded SFI’s adaptive computation programme. With Scott Page he wrote *Complex Adaptive Social Systems* (2007), and alone *A Crude Look at the Whole* (2015).",
    "more": {
      "label": "Carnegie Mellon University",
      "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/people/faculty/john-miller.html"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Miller & Page 2007, *Complex Adaptive Systems*; Holland & Miller 1991 (AER 81:365)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Holland & Miller 1991, “Artificial adaptive agents in economic theory” (AER 81:365), a founding statement of agent-based modelling; SFI’s first postdoctoral fellow"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Holland & Miller 1991 (AER 81:365) from the SFI Economics Research Program; Professor of Economics at Carnegie Mellon"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John N. Mather",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Aubry–Mather theory: Mather 1982, “Existence of quasi-periodic orbits for twist homeomorphisms of the annulus” (Topology 21:457)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mather 1968–1970, “Stability of C∞ mappings” I–VI, the stability theory the classification rests on"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Nash",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Equilibrium Points in n-Person Games” 1950 (PNAS 36:48); Nobel 1994"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Odling-Smee",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "“Niche inheritance”, in Pigliucci & Müller (eds) 2010; Odling-Smee, Laland & Feldman 2003, *Niche Construction*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John P. Spencer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Schöner, Spencer et al. 2015, *Dynamic Thinking: A Primer on Dynamic Field Theory* (Oxford University Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Sterman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Business Dynamics* 2000; director of the MIT System Dynamics Group"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Toner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Toner & Tu 1995, “Long-range order in a two-dimensional dynamical XY model: how birds fly together” (PRL 75:4326)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Tyler Bonner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": false,
        "note": "ed. *Evolution and Development* (Springer 1982), the report of the Dahlem workshop of 1981"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John Urry",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Global Complexity* (Polity 2003); “The complexity turn” (Theory Cult. Soc. 2005)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "John von Neumann",
    "bio": "John von Neumann (1903–1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton from 1933. He proved the minimax theorem (1928) and wrote *Theory of Games and Economic Behavior* (1944) with Oskar Morgenstern; his 1932 papers on ergodic theory gave the mean ergodic theorem; and he set out the duality of linear programming. A Macy conference participant, he proposed self-reproducing automata from 1948, which with Stanislaw Ulam began cellular automata.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Macy participant; Hixon Symposium lecture on automata 1948"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "von Neumann 1932, “Proof of the quasi-ergodic hypothesis” (PNAS 18:70), the mean ergodic theorem; von Neumann entropy (1932)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Hixon Symposium lecture (1948); 29-state self-reproducing cellular automaton, *Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata* (ed. Burks, 1966)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata* (ed. Burks 1966), which Langton’s founding of artificial life (1987) takes as its source"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "“Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele” 1928; *Theory of Games and Economic Behavior* 1944"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "LP duality in his 1947 meeting with Dantzig"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jon Kleinberg",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Navigation in a small world” 2000 (Nature 406:845)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jordan Pollack",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lipson & Pollack 2000, “Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms” (Nature 406:974)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Pollack 1990, “Recursive distributed representations” (Artif. Intell. 46:77), the RAAM connectionist architecture"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Joseph Henrich",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Henrich & Boyd 2001 (J. Theor. Biol. 208:79); Henrich 2004, the Tasmanian case (Am. Antiq. 69:197)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jørgen Randers",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-author of *The Limits to Growth* 1972"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "José Lobo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Bettencourt et al. 2007; SFI’s cities, scaling and sustainability project"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Josef Hofbauer",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hofbauer & Sigmund 1988, *The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems*; 1998 *Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Josh Bongard",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "evolutionary robotics: Bongard, Zykov & Lipson 2006, “Resilient machines through continuous self-modeling” (Science 314:1118); Pfeifer & Bongard, *How the Body Shapes the Way We Think* (MIT 2006)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-author of Kriegman, Blackiston, Levin & Bongard 2020 (Xenobots)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Joshua Epstein",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Sugarscape, *Growing Artificial Societies* (Epstein & Axtell 1996)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Joshua Farley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 63,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Daly & Farley 2004 (Island Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Josiah Willard Gibbs",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Gibbs 1902, *Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics* (Scribner’s)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Julian Bigelow",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Rosenblueth, Wiener & Bigelow 1943, from wartime anti-aircraft predictor work with Wiener"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Julian Huxley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "*Evolution: The Modern Synthesis* (Allen and Unwin 1942), which named the synthesis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Julian Steward",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Theory of Culture Change* (1955), cultural ecology; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jürgen Moser",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Moser 1962, invariant curves of area-preserving annulus maps, Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen (KAM)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Jürgen Schmidhuber",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "LSTM (Hochreiter & Schmidhuber 1997, Neural Comput. 9:1735)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Juval Portugali",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Self-Organization and the City* (Springer 2000); ed. *Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age* (Springer 2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kalevi Kull",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "“Biosemiotics in the twentieth century” (Semiotica 127:385, 1999); first author of the theses on biosemiotics (Biol. Theory 4:167, 2009)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Karen Barad",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "agential realism, *Meeting the Universe Halfway* (Duke 2007)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Karl Deutsch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*The Nerves of Government* (1963), political cybernetics of communication and control"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "president of the Society for General Systems Research, 1983"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Karl Friston",
    "bio": "Karl Friston (born 1959) is a British neuroscientist at University College London, known in brain imaging for statistical parametric mapping and dynamic causal modelling. “A theory of cortical responses” (2005) treated perception as empirical Bayesian inference in a cortical hierarchy, with predictive coding as one implementation. From this he built the free energy principle and active inference, which he has carried beyond the brain, as in a free-energy account of morphogenesis with Michael Levin (2015).",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_J._Friston"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "founder: Friston 2005, 2010; Parr, Pezzulo & Friston 2022"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Friston 2005, “A theory of cortical responses” (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360:815), empirical Bayes in cortex; “The history of the future of the Bayesian brain” (NeuroImage 62:1230, 2012)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Friston 2005 generalised Rao & Ballard’s predictive coding to a cortical hierarchy under empirical Bayes"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "first author of “Knowing one’s place” (J. R. Soc. Interface 2015), morphogenesis as active inference"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Karl Sigmund",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Hofbauer & Sigmund 1988/1998 (Cambridge UP); Nowak & Sigmund on indirect reciprocity"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Karl Sims",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "“Evolving virtual creatures” (SIGGRAPH ’94, pp. 15-22)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sznajd-Weron & Sznajd 2000, “Opinion evolution in closed community” (Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 11:1157), the Sznajd model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kate Raworth",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“A Safe and Just Space for Humanity” (Oxfam 2012), the doughnut built on the boundaries"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Katherine Faust",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Wasserman & Faust 1994 (Cambridge UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Katherine Richardson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "co-author 2009 and 2015; lead author of Richardson et al. 2023 (Sci. Adv. 9:eadh2458)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kenneth Arrow",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-convened the 1987 SFI economics workshop; co-ed. Anderson, Arrow & Pines 1988"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Arrow, Harris & Marschak 1951, “Optimal inventory policy” (Econometrica 19:250), written at RAND; Arrow, Karlin & Scarf 1958 on inventory and production"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kenneth Boulding",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "SGSR co-founder 1954; “The skeleton of science” 1956"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 63,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The economics of the coming spaceship Earth”, in Jarrett (ed.), *Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy* (1966); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kenneth E. F. Watt",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "editor of *Systems Analysis in Ecology* (Academic Press 1966)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kenneth Wilson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Wilson 1971, Phys. Rev. B 4:3174, renormalisation group; Nobel 1982"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kevin Laland",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Laland et al. 2014 (Nature 514:161) and 2015 (Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20151019); Odling-Smee, Laland & Feldman 2003, *Niche Construction* (Princeton UP)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mesoudi, Whiten & Laland 2006 (Behav. Brain Sci. 29:329); Laland, Odling-Smee & Feldman 2000 (Behav. Brain Sci. 23:131)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kim Christensen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Olami, Feder & Christensen 1992, PRL 68:1244, SOC earthquake model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kim Sneppen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Maslov & Sneppen 2002, “Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks” (Science 296:910), degree-preserving rewiring null model"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Bak & Sneppen 1993, PRL 71:4083"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kim Sterelny",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Laland et al. 2014 and 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Klaus G. Troitzsch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Simulation for the Social Scientist* (with Gilbert, Open University Press, 1999)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Klaus Hasselmann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "stochastic climate models (Tellus 28:473, 1976); 2021 physics Nobel"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Konrad Körding",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Körding & Wolpert 2004, Nature 427:244"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Konrad Zuse",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Rechnender Raum* (Vieweg, 1969): physics as a cellular automaton"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Konstantin Mereschkowski",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "symbiotic origin of chloroplasts 1905, ‘symbiogenesis’ 1910; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kunihiko Fukushima",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Neocognitron (Biol. Cybern. 36:193, 1980), precursor of convolutional networks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kurt Richardson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Richardson & Cilliers 2001, “What is complexity science?” (Emergence 3(1):5–23)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "editor of Emergence: Complexity & Organization; guest-edited Emergence 3(1) with Cilliers (2001)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Kurt Wiesenfeld",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld 1987, PRL 59:381"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lance Gunderson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-editor of *Panarchy* (2002) and *Barriers and Bridges* (1995)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lancelot Da Costa",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Da Costa et al. 2020, “Active inference on discrete state-spaces” (J. Math. Psychol. 99:102447); Bayesian mechanics co-author 2023"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lars Onsager",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Onsager 1931, reciprocal relations, Phys. Rev. 37:405"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Onsager 1944, Phys. Rev. 65:117, exact solution of the 2D Ising model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lawrence Barsalou",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“Perceptual symbol systems” (Behav. Brain Sci. 22:577, 1999); “Grounded cognition” (Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59:617, 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lawrence J. Fogel",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Fogel, Owens & Walsh 1966, *Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution* (Wiley), evolutionary programming"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Leigh Tesfatsion",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "agent-based computational economics; co-editor, *Handbook of Computational Economics* vol. 2 (2006)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Agent-based computational economics; Tesfatsion & Judd (eds) 2006, *Handbook of Computational Economics* vol. 2"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Leo Jonker",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Taylor & Jonker 1978 (Math. Biosci. 40:145), replicator dynamics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Leo Kadanoff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Halsey, Jensen, Kadanoff, Procaccia & Shraiman 1986, multifractal f(α) of strange sets (PRA 33:1141); *From Order to Chaos* (World Scientific 1993)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Kadanoff 1966, Physics 2:263, block spins"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Leon Glass",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Mackey & Glass 1977 (Science 197:287); Glass & Mackey 1979 (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 316:214); *From Clocks to Chaos* (Princeton 1988)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Leroy Hood",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Ideker, Galitski & Hood 2001 (Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2:343); co-founder of the Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle (2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lev Landau",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Landau & Lifshitz, *Statistical Physics* (Clarendon 1938; vol. 5 of the Course of Theoretical Physics)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Landau 1937, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 7:19, order-parameter theory of phase transitions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lev Pontryagin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Pontryagin maximum principle for optimal control (1956; book 1962)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Andronov & Pontryagin 1937, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 14:247"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lewis A. Lipsitz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Lipsitz & Goldberger 1992, ageing as a loss of complexity (JAMA 267:1806)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lewis S. Ford",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-founder of *Process Studies* (1971) with John Cobb"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Linda B. Smith",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Thelen & Smith 1994; Smith & Thelen 2003 (Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:343)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Linton Freeman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "“Centrality in social networks: conceptual clarification” (Soc. Networks 1:215, 1978); founding editor of *Social Networks* (1978)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lisa Feldman Barrett",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Barrett 2017, “The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization” (Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12:1)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Barrett & Simmons 2015, “Interoceptive predictions in the brain” (Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16:419)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lloyd Shapley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Shapley value 1953 (*Contributions to the Theory of Games* II); Nobel 2012"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lourens J. Waldorp",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Cramer et al. 2010, Borsboom et al. 2011 (PLoS ONE 6:e27407) and van Borkulo et al. 2014 (Sci. Rep. 4:5918)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lucy Suchman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Plans and Situated Actions* (Cambridge UP 1987; Woolgar's review, Contemp. Sociol. 18:414, 1989), situated action"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ludwig Boltzmann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Boltzmann 1872, Wiener Berichte 66:275, H-theorem"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ludwig von Bertalanffy",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "“Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre” (written 1945, printed 1949); *General System Theory* 1968; SGSR co-founder"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman 1973, “Models for cultural inheritance” (Theor. Popul. Biol. 4:42); *Cultural Transmission and Evolution* (Princeton UP 1981)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Luís Bettencourt",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Bettencourt et al. 2007 (PNAS 104:7301); “The origins of scaling in cities” (Science 340:1438, 2013)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Lynn Margulis",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Sagan 1967 (J. Theor. Biol. 14:225); Margulis & Fester (eds) 1991"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Lovelock & Margulis 1974 (Tellus 26:2); Margulis & Lovelock 1974 (Icarus 21:471)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "M. Cristina Marchetti",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Marchetti et al. 2013, “Hydrodynamics of soft active matter” (Rev. Mod. Phys. 85:1143)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Madeleine Akrich",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“The de-scription of technical objects”, in Bijker & Law (eds), *Shaping Technology/Building Society* (MIT 1992)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Manfred Eigen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Eigen 1971, “Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules”, Naturwissenschaften 58:465"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Manuel DeLanda",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History* (1997); *Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy* (2002), his reconstruction of Deleuze’s ontology; *A New Philosophy of Society* (2006); *Assemblage Theory* (2016)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marc Lewis",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lewis 2000, dynamic systems approaches to human development (Child Dev. 71:36)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marc Potters",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Laloux, Cizeau, Bouchaud & Potters 1999 (PRL 83:1467); Bouchaud & Potters 2003"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marcello Barbieri",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*The Organic Codes* (Cambridge UP 2003), code biology; a co-editor of the journal *Biosemiotics* from 2008"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marco Dorigo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Dorigo, Maniezzo & Colorni 1996, the ant system (IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B 26:29); Bonabeau, Dorigo & Theraulaz 1999, *Swarm Intelligence* (Oxford UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marco Janssen",
    "bio": "Marco Janssen (born 1969) is a Dutch-American modeller of social-ecological systems, professor at Arizona State University and director of its Center for Behavior, Institutions and the Environment, trained in econometrics and mathematics. He builds agent-based models and runs field and laboratory experiments on how people govern shared resources. With John Anderies and Elinor Ostrom he proposed a framework for the robustness of social-ecological systems (2004), and he co-wrote *Working Together* (2010) with Amy Poteete and Ostrom.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Janssen"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "empirically based agent-based models of social-ecological systems (Janssen & Ostrom 2006, Ecol. Soc. 11(2):37)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "studies the resilience and robustness of social-ecological systems; Anderies, Janssen & Ostrom 2004 (Ecol. Soc. 9(1):18)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Janssen & Ostrom 2006 (Ecol. Soc. 11(2):37); Poteete, Janssen & Ostrom 2010, *Working Together*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marcus Feldman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Odling-Smee, Laland & Feldman 2003; co-author of Laland et al. 2014 and 2015"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman 1981; Laland, Odling-Smee & Feldman 2000, cultural niche construction (Behav. Brain Sci. 23:131)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Margaret McFall-Ngai",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "McFall-Ngai et al. 2013, “Animals in a bacterial world” (PNAS 110:3229); squid–Vibrio symbiosis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Margaret Mead",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Core Macy participant and co-editor of the proceedings"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "“Cybernetics of cybernetics”, 1967 ASC keynote, published 1968"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Margaret Oakley Dayhoff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Schwartz & Dayhoff 1978 (Science 199:395), sequence phylogenies supporting endosymbiosis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Margaret Wilson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Six views of embodied cognition” (Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9:625, 2002)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marian Smoluchowski",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Smoluchowski 1906, Brownian motion, Ann. Phys. 21:756"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marie E. Csete",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Csete & Doyle 2002 (Science 295:1664)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marieke Wichers",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "co-author of van de Leemput et al. 2014 (PNAS 111:87); Wichers 2014, “The dynamic nature of depression” (Psychol. Med. 44:1349)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marisol de la Cadena",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "“Indigenous cosmopolitics in the Andes” (Cult. Anthropol. 2010); *Earth Beings* (Duke 2015)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mark Bedau",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "lead author, “Open problems in artificial life” (Artificial Life 6(4):363-376, 2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mark Granovetter",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "“The strength of weak ties” (Am. J. Sociol. 78:1360, 1973)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mark Newman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Girvan & Newman 2002 (PNAS 99:7821); *Networks: An Introduction* 2010"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mark Solms",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Solms & Friston 2018, “How and why consciousness arises” (J. Conscious. Stud. 25:202)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marten Scheffer",
    "bio": "Marten Scheffer (born 1958) is a Dutch ecologist and mathematical biologist, professor of aquatic ecology and water quality management at Wageningen University since 1998. He studied shallow lakes and wrote, with colleagues, “Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems” (2001), and *Critical Transitions in Nature and Society* (2009), on tipping points and their early warnings, which he carried into the planetary boundaries (2009) and into depression (2014, 2016).",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten_Scheffer"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Scheffer et al. 2001, “Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems” (Nature 413:591); Scheffer et al. 2009 (Nature 461:53)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Rockström et al. 2009; early-warning signals (Nature 2009)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of van de Leemput et al. 2014 (PNAS 111:87) and Cramer et al. 2016 (PLoS ONE 11:e0167490)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Martin Gardner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "published Conway’s Life in Scientific American, October 1970"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Martin Nowak",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Nowak & May 1992 (Nature 359:826); *Evolutionary Dynamics* 2006"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marvin Harris",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The cultural ecology of India’s sacred cattle” (Curr. Anthropol. 7:51, 1966)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Marvin Minsky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "co-author of the Dartmouth proposal (1955); *Perceptrons* (with Papert, MIT Press 1969), symbolic AI’s critique of the perceptron"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mary Boone",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Snowden & Boone, “A leader’s framework for decision making” (HBR 2007)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mary Cartwright",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Cartwright & Littlewood 1945, J. London Math. Soc. 20:180, chaotic forced van der Pol solutions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mary Jane West-Eberhard",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Developmental Plasticity and Evolution* (Oxford UP 2003), plasticity-led evolution; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mary Uhl-Bien",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Uhl-Bien, Marion & McKelvey, “Complexity leadership theory” (Leadersh. Q. 2007)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Massimo Pigliucci",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Do we need an extended evolutionary synthesis?” (Evolution 61:2743, 2007); co-editor of *Evolution – the Extended Synthesis* (2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Matthew Cook",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Universality in elementary cellular automata” (Complex Systems 15:1-40, 2004), Rule 110 universality"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Maureen O’Malley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "O’Malley & Dupré 2005, “Fundamental issues in systems biology” (BioEssays 27:1270), the pragmatic and systems-theoretic streams"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Max Boisot",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 51,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Knowledge Assets* (1998); Snowden names Boisot’s I-Space the initial inspiration for Cynefin and credits him with bringing in Thom’s catastrophe fold (c. 2006)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Maxwell Ramstead",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Ramstead, Badcock & Friston 2018, Phys. Life Rev. 24:1; first author of “On Bayesian mechanics” (Interface Focus 2023)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Melanie Mitchell",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Complexity: A Guided Tour* 2009 (Oxford University Press); SFI professor"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mitchell, Crutchfield & Das 1996, “Evolving cellular automata with genetic algorithms” (EvCA project at SFI)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Melvin Dresher",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Flood–Dresher experiment at RAND 1950, the original prisoner’s dilemma game"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Merrill M. Flood",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Flood–Dresher experiment at RAND 1950, the original prisoner’s dilemma game"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "second President of TIMS (1955) and President of ORSA (1961); Flood 1956, “The traveling-salesman problem” (Oper. Res. 4:61); Kimball Medal 1983"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael Batty",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Batty & Longley 1994, *Fractal Cities*; *Cities and Complexity* (MIT Press 2005); *The New Science of Cities* (MIT Press 2013)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael C. Mackey",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Mackey & Glass 1977 (Science 197:287); Glass & Mackey 1988, *From Clocks to Chaos*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael Fisher",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Wilson & Fisher 1972, “Critical exponents in 3.99 dimensions”, PRL 28:240"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael H. Reed",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Reed & Harvey 1992 (J. Theory Soc. Behav. 22:353); Harvey & Reed 1994, dissipative social systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael Kirchhoff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kirchhoff, Parr, Palacios, Friston & Kiverstein 2018, “The Markov blankets of life” (J. R. Soc. Interface 15:20170792)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kirchhoff 2018, “Autopoiesis, free energy, and the life–mind continuity thesis” (Synthese 195:2519); Kirchhoff & Froese 2017 on life–mind continuity"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael Levin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "leads the Tufts programme; Friston, Levin et al. 2015; Xenobots 2020; TAME 2022"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michael McGinnis",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "ed. *Polycentric Governance and Development* 1999 (University of Michigan Press), Workshop readings"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michel Callon",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-founder; sociology of translation, St Brieuc scallops (1986)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michel Hénon",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hénon 1976, Commun. Math. Phys. 50:69, Hénon map"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Michelle Girvan",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Girvan & Newman 2002 (PNAS 99:7821), community detection"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mihajlo D. Mesarovic",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Mathematical general systems theory; Mesarovic & Takahara 1975"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "ed. *Systems Theory and Biology* (Springer 1968), the III Systems Symposium at Case Institute of Technology; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mike Jackson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Flood & Jackson 1991, *Creative Problem Solving*; critical systems thinking"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Minka Woermann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Bridging Complexity and Post-Structuralism* (Springer 2016), extending Cilliers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mitchel Resnick",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "StarLogo; *Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams* (MIT Press, 1994), the forerunner of NetLogo"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Mitchell Feigenbaum",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Feigenbaum 1978, J. Stat. Phys. 19:25, universal period-doubling constant"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Motoo Kimura",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Evolutionary rate at the molecular level” (Nature 217:624, 1968), the neutral theory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Murray Gell-Mann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "SFI co-founder 1984; *The Quark and the Jaguar* 1994"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*The Quark and the Jaguar* 1994: complex adaptive systems as schema-building systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nancy Moran",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Moran & Sloan 2015, “The hologenome concept: helpful or hollow?” (PLoS Biol. 13:e1002311); insect endosymbionts"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nathaniel Rochester",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of the Dartmouth proposal (1955)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Neil Ferguson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "individual-based pandemic models (Ferguson et al. 2005, Nature 437:209; 2006, Nature 442:448)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Neil Shubin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Shubin, Tabin & Carroll 1997 and 2009, deep homology"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nelson Minar",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "lead author, “The Swarm Simulation System” (SFI WP 96-06-042, 1996)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 63,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*The Entropy Law and the Economic Process* (Harvard UP 1971); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nicholas Rescher",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 69,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Process Metaphysics* (SUNY Press 1996)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nicolas Minorsky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "First theoretical analysis of PID control for ship steering (1922)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Introduction to Non-Linear Mechanics* (1947) and *Nonlinear Oscillations* (1962), bringing the Andronov school’s qualitative theory to the West"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Nigel Gilbert",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Simulation for the Social Scientist* (with Troitzsch, 1999); founding editor of JASSS (1998)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Niklas Luhmann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "built social systems theory on von Foerster’s observing systems: second-order observation, *Soziale Systeme* 1984 and *Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft* 1990"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Soziale Systeme* 1984; *Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft* 1997"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Norbert Wiener",
    "bio": "Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) was an American mathematician who spent his career at MIT, working on stochastic processes and noise. Wartime research on anti-aircraft fire control led him to the Wiener filter, to treating an information source as a random process independently of Claude Shannon, and to “Behavior, Purpose and Teleology” (1943) with Arturo Rosenblueth and Julian Bigelow. *Cybernetics* (1948) named and founded the science of control and communication in animals and machines.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Rosenblueth, Wiener & Bigelow 1943; *Cybernetics* 1948"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series* (1942 classified, 1949), the Wiener filter for fire control"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Wiener 1948, *Cybernetics*, statistical measure of information developed alongside Shannon’s"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Norman Levinson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Levinson 1949, Ann. Math. 50:127, which led Smale to the horseshoe"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Norman Margolus",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Cellular Automata Machines* (with Toffoli, 1987); CAM hardware"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Norman Packard",
    "bio": "Norman Packard (born 1954) is an American physicist who, as a Santa Cruz graduate student, formed the Dynamical Systems Collective with Rob Shaw, Doyne Farmer and James Crutchfield to probe chaotic systems for order. He worked with Stephen Wolfram at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study and at Illinois, where they founded the Center for Complex Systems Research (1985). He coined “the edge of chaos”, defined evolutionary activity in artificial life and co-founded the Prediction Company.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Packard"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "coined the edge of chaos, “Adaptation toward the edge of chaos” (in Kelso et al. eds, *Dynamic Patterns in Complex Systems*, 1988)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Packard, Crutchfield, Farmer & Shaw 1980, PRL 45:712, phase-space reconstruction"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Two-dimensional cellular automata” (Packard & Wolfram, J. Stat. Phys. 1985)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of “Open problems in artificial life” (Bedau et al. 2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Oskar Morgenstern",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Theory of Games and Economic Behavior* 1944, with von Neumann"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Otto Rössler",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Rössler 1976, Phys. Lett. A 57:397, Rössler attractor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pamela Lyon",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The biogenic approach to cognition” (Cogn. Process. 7:11, 2006) and “Autopoiesis and knowing” (2004), on Maturana’s biogenic account of cognition"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“The cognitive cell” (Front. Microbiol. 2015); Lyon, Keijzer, Arendt & Levin 2021 (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 376:20190750)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Patricia Shaw",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Stacey, Griffin & Shaw, *Complexity and Management* (Routledge 2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Patrick Blackett",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Led ‘Blackett’s circus’, the wartime operational research team (1940–41)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Cilliers",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Complexity and Postmodernism* (Routledge 1998); critical complexity at Stellenbosch"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“What can we learn from a theory of complexity?” (Emergence 2(1):23, 2000); “Boundaries, hierarchies and networks in complex systems” (Int. J. Innov. Manag. 2001)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Crutzen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "atmospheric chemistry, 1995 chemistry Nobel; IGBP vice-chair"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Crutzen & Stoermer 2000, “The ‘Anthropocene’” (IGBP Newsletter 41:17); co-author of Rockström et al. 2009"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Ehrenfest",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "P. & T. Ehrenfest 1911, “Begriffliche Grundlagen der statistischen Auffassung in der Mechanik”, Encyklopädie der math. Wiss. IV"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ehrenfest 1933 classification of phase transitions by order, prompted by the helium lambda transition"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Glansdorff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Glansdorff & Prigogine 1971, *Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations* (Wiley)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Longley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Batty & Longley 1994, *Fractal Cities* (Academic Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Ormerod",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Gallegati, Keen, Lux & Ormerod 2006, “Worrying trends in econophysics” (Physica A 370:1)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Plsek",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Edgeware* (1998); Plsek & Greenhalgh 2001 (BMJ)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul van Geert",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": false,
        "note": "van Geert 1991, “A dynamic systems model of cognitive and language growth” (Psychol. Rev. 98:3)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Watzlawick",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Watzlawick, Beavin & Jackson, *Pragmatics of Human Communication* (1967), Bateson’s cybernetic view of interaction formalised for the MRI"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Editor of *Die erfundene Wirklichkeit* 1981 with contributions by von Foerster and von Glasersfeld"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Paul Werbos",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "adaptive critics and approximate dynamic programming for control, *Handbook of Intelligent Control* (White & Sofge eds, 1992) pp. 493–525"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "backpropagation of errors in his Harvard PhD thesis, Beyond Regression (1974)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Per Bak",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Commensurate phases, incommensurate phases and the devil’s staircase” (Rep. Prog. Phys. 45:587, 1982)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 28,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld 1987, PRL 59:381; Bak 1996, *How Nature Works*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pere Alberch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Alberch, Gould, Oster & Wake 1979, “Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny” (Paleobiology 5:296); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter Checkland",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*Systems Thinking, Systems Practice* 1981 (soft systems methodology)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter D. Taylor",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Taylor & Jonker 1978 (Math. Biosci. 40:145), replicator dynamics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter Dayan",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "first author of “The Helmholtz machine” (1995)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "wake-sleep algorithm, Hinton, Dayan, Frey & Neal 1995 (Science 268:1158), unsupervised learning in multilayer stochastic networks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter M. Allen",
    "bio": "Peter M. Allen is a theoretical physicist, emeritus professor of evolutionary complex systems at Cranfield University, where from 1987 he ran its Complex Systems Research Centre. Before that he worked in Ilya Prigogine’s group at the Université libre de Bruxelles, modelling self-organisation in urban, social and ecological systems, including the growth of systems of cities with M. Sanglier from 1979. He co-edited *The SAGE Handbook of Complexity and Management* (2011) and the journal *Emergence: Complexity and Organization*.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Centre for Complex Systems Studies, Utrecht",
      "url": "https://mailings.uu.nl/i/TfP8qZ7f1uPw2WWyF_cpt45OsV4CAg0hmr_ePqlSAmhn080QlBCNKQ"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "worked with Prigogine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles 1970–1987 on self-organising urban and ecological models"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "head of Cranfield’s Complex Systems Management Centre; co-editor-in-chief of Emergence: Complexity & Organization; co-ed. *SAGE Handbook of Complexity and Management* (2011)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 64,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Allen & Sanglier 1979, “A dynamic model of growth in a central place system” (Geogr. Anal. 11:256); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter Richerson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Boyd & Richerson 1985 and 1992; Richerson & Boyd, *Not by Genes Alone* (Chicago 2005)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter Schuster",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "editor-in-chief of the journal Complexity 2002–2016; SFI external faculty"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Eigen & Schuster 1979, *The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization* (Springer)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter Senge",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*The Fifth Discipline* 1990"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 6,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Trained in Forrester’s MIT system dynamics group; *The Fifth Discipline* 1990 popularises its loops"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Peter Turchin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "*Historical Dynamics* (Princeton UP 2003); “Arise ‘cliodynamics’” (Nature 454:34, 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Philip Anderson",
    "bio": "Philip W. Anderson (1923–2020) was an American theoretical physicist at Bell Labs (1949–1984) and Princeton, who shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics for work on magnetic and disordered systems. With Sam Edwards he introduced the Edwards–Anderson model of spin glasses (1975). “More is different” (1972) argued that each level of organisation needs its own principles; he took part in the Santa Fe Institute’s founding workshops (1984) and co-chaired its 1987 economics conference.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "“More Is Different” 1972 (Science 177:393); spoke at SFI’s founding workshops, October 1984; SFI Steering Committee until 2001"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Edwards & Anderson 1975, J. Phys. F 5:965, spin-glass theory"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-convened the 1987 SFI economics workshop; co-ed. Anderson, Arrow & Pines 1988"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Philip M. Morse",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Morse & Kimball 1951, *Methods of Operations Research*; first ORSA president 1952"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Philippe Descola",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Par-delà nature et culture* (Gallimard 2005), non-dualist anthropology of nature"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Pier Luigi Luisi",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Luisi 2003, “Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal” (Naturwissenschaften 90:49); chemical autopoiesis with Varela"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Plamen Ch. Ivanov",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Ivanov et al. 1999, “Multifractality in human heartbeat dynamics” (Nature 399:461); Bashan et al. 2012, network physiology (Nat. Commun. 3:702)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Quentin Atkinson",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Gray & Atkinson 2003 (Nature 426:435)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Radford M. Neal",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of “The Helmholtz machine” (1995)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Bayesian Learning for Neural Networks* (Springer 1996), MCMC and Gaussian-process limits of neural networks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rajesh Rao",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor of *Bayesian Brain: Probabilistic Approaches to Neural Coding* (Doya, Ishii, Pouget & Rao, MIT Press 2007)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "first author of Rao & Ballard 1999, Nat. Neurosci. 2:79"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ralph Abraham",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Abraham & Shaw, *Dynamics: The Geometry of Behavior* (Aerial Press, from 1982), visual introduction to chaotic attractors; UC Santa Cruz chaos theorist"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Abraham & Marsden, *Foundations of Mechanics* (1967), geometric dynamical systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ralph Gerard",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Macy conference participant (Heims 1991)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "SGSR co-founder 1954"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ralph Hartley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hartley 1928, “Transmission of Information”, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 7:535, cited in Shannon 1948’s first paragraph; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ralph Stacey",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*The Chaos Frontier* (1991); Strateg. Manag. J. 1995; complex responsive processes at Hertfordshire"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ramon Margalef",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Perspectives in Ecological Theory* (Chicago 1968), ecosystems as cybernetic and informational systems"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Randall Beer",
    "bio": "Randall Beer is a cognitive scientist, Provost Professor at Indiana University since 2006, before that at Case Western Reserve University. From *Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior* (1990) and work with John Gallagher (1992) he evolved dynamical neural networks for model agents, later for minimally cognitive behaviour. “A dynamical systems perspective on agent-environment interaction” (1995) treated behaviour as brain–body–environment dynamics, and “Autopoiesis and cognition in the game of Life” (2004) formalised Maturana and Varela’s ideas.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Randall Beer, Indiana University",
      "url": "https://rdbeer.pages.iu.edu/"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior* (1990) and evolved CTRNN agents (Beer & Gallagher 1992), foundations of evolutionary robotics and minimal cognition"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Autopoiesis and cognition in the game of life” (Artif. Life 10:309, 2004), with follow-ups in 2015 and 2020"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Beer 1995, “A dynamical systems perspective on agent-environment interaction” (Artif. Intell. 72:173)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ranulph Glanville",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Object theory and second-order cybernetics of design; ASC president 2009–2014"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Raphael Zahler",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Zahler & Sussmann 1977, Nature 269:759"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ray Solomonoff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Solomonoff 1964, “A formal theory of inductive inference”, Inf. Control 7:1, algorithmic probability"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Raymond Lindeman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology” (Ecology 23:399, 1942), a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Reiner Kümmel",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 63,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kümmel 1989, energy as a factor of production and entropy as a pollution indicator (Ecol. Econ. 1:161)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Reinette Biggs",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Biggs, Schlüter & Schoon (eds) 2015, *Principles for Building Resilience*; Preiser, Biggs, De Vos & Folke 2018"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Biggs, Carpenter & Brock 2009, “Turning back from the brink” (PNAS 106:826); co-author of Steffen et al. 2015 planetary boundaries update"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Reinhard Selten",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Subgame perfect equilibrium 1965; Nobel 1994 with Nash and Harsanyi"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Selten 1980, ESS in asymmetric animal conflicts must be pure (J. Theor. Biol. 84:93)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Réka Albert",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Barabási & Albert 1999; Albert & Barabási 2002 (Rev. Mod. Phys. 74:47)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "René Kemp",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 72,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Kemp, Schot & Hoogma 1998, strategic niche management (Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 10:175); Rotmans, Kemp & van Asselt 2001 (Foresight 3:15)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "René Lefever",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Prigogine & Lefever 1968, J. Chem. Phys. 48:1695, the Brusselator"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "René Thom",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Thom 1972, *Stabilité structurelle et morphogenèse* (Benjamin)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ricardo B. Uribe",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Varela, Maturana & Uribe 1974 (BioSystems 5:187), the first autopoiesis model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard Bellman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Dynamic programming (1957), foundation of optimal control"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "dynamic programming developed at RAND for multistage decision problems, *Dynamic Programming* (1957); INFORMS OR pioneer"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard C. Tolman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Tolman 1938, *The Principles of Statistical Mechanics* (Clarendon), cited by Shannon 1948"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard Dawkins",
    "bio": "Richard Dawkins (born 1941) is a British evolutionary biologist at Oxford, a fellow of New College and Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science from 1995 to 2008. *The Selfish Gene* (1976) set out the gene-centred view of evolution with the evolutionarily stable strategy as a main tool; *The Extended Phenotype* (1982) carried a gene’s effects beyond the body and argued against the Gaia hypothesis; and his Blind Watchmaker program simulated artificial selection on evolving forms.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "biomorphs; “The evolution of evolvability”, ALife I proceedings (Langton ed. 1989, pp. 201-220)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*The Selfish Gene* (1976) on ESS; Brockmann, Grafen & Dawkins 1979, a mixed ESS in digger wasps (J. Theor. Biol. 77:473)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*The Extended Phenotype* (1982), critique that selection cannot produce planetary regulation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard G. Palmer",
    "bio": "Richard Palmer (born 1949) is a British theoretical physicist, a doctoral student of Philip Anderson’s, professor of physics at Duke University and an external professor of the Santa Fe Institute (1989–2003). With David Thouless and Anderson he solved the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick spin-glass model in the TAP mean-field equations (1977). He co-wrote *Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation* (1991) with John Hertz and Anders Krogh, and led the 1994 paper on SFI’s artificial stock market of adaptive agents.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Palmer"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Thouless, Anderson & Palmer 1977, TAP mean-field solution of the SK spin glass (Phil. Mag. 35:593)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lead author of the SFI artificial stock market (Physica D 75:264, 1994)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hertz, Krogh & Palmer, *Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation* (SFI/Addison-Wesley 1991), the statistical-physics textbook of neural networks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard Hamming",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hamming 1950, error-correcting codes, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 29:147"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard J. McNally",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "McNally et al. 2015, “Mental Disorders as Causal Systems: A Network Approach to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” (Clin. Psychol. Sci. 3:836)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard Lenski",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The evolutionary origin of complex features” (Lenski et al. 2003, Nature 423:139), Avida experiments"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard Menary",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Introduction to the special issue on 4E cognition” (Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci. 9:459, 2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Richard Zemel",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of “The Helmholtz machine” (1995)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-founder of the Vector Institute; Snell, Swersky & Zemel 2017, “Prototypical networks for few-shot learning” (NeurIPS)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rick Dolphijn",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Dolphijn & van der Tuin 2012, first monograph on new materialism"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rika Preiser",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Preiser, Biggs, De Vos & Folke 2018, social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems (Ecol. Soc. 23(4):46), with the Stockholm Resilience Centre"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 48,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "ed. Cilliers, *Critical Complexity: Collected Essays* (De Gruyter 2016); Preiser et al. 2018 (Ecol. Soc.)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Aumann",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Repeated games and correlated equilibrium (1974); Nobel 2005"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Axelrod",
    "bio": "Robert Axelrod (born 1943) is an American political scientist at the University of Michigan since 1974. To learn how cooperation can emerge among self-interested agents he ran two computer tournaments of the iterated prisoner’s dilemma, reported with William Hamilton in “The evolution of cooperation” (1981) and in his book *The Evolution of Cooperation* (1984). He extended the work in agent-based models in *The Complexity of Cooperation* (1997) and, with Michael Cohen, in *Harnessing Complexity*.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Axelrod & Cohen 1999, *Harnessing Complexity* (Free Press); Holland’s Michigan BACH group"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration* (Princeton UP, 1997)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*The Evolution of Cooperation* 1984; Axelrod & Hamilton 1981 (Science 211:1390)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Axtell",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Sugarscape, *Growing Artificial Societies* (Epstein & Axtell 1996)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Axtell 2001, Zipf distribution of U.S. firm sizes (Science 293:1818); agent-based models of firm dynamics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Boyd",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Boyd & Richerson 1985, *Culture and the Evolutionary Process* (Chicago); Boyd & Richerson 1992 (Ethol. Sociobiol. 13:171)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Costanza",
    "bio": "Robert Costanza (born 1950) is an American and Australian ecological economist at the UCL Institute for Global Prosperity, earlier at Maryland, Vermont and the Australian National University, who took his doctorate at Florida (1979) under H. T. Odum. He co-founded the International Society for Ecological Economics and edited *Ecological Economics* from 1989 to 2002, led the 1997 valuation of the world’s ecosystem services and co-authored the 2009 planetary boundaries paper.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Costanza"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "doctoral student of H. T. Odum at Florida"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Rockström et al. 2009, “Planetary boundaries” (Ecol. Soc.)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 63,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "co-founder of the International Society for Ecological Economics and founding editor of *Ecological Economics*, opened by his “What is ecological economics?” (1:1, 1989); Costanza et al. 1997 (Nature 387:253)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert F. Port",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor of *Mind as Motion* (MIT Press 1995)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Fano",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Shannon–Fano coding; Fano 1961, *Transmission of Information* (MIT Press)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Graham",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Graham & Haken 1970, Z. Phys. 237:31, laser threshold as non-equilibrium phase transition"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert L. Flood",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Flood & Jackson 1991, *Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert MacArthur",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "MacArthur & Wilson 1967, *The Theory of Island Biogeography* (Princeton UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert May",
    "bio": "Robert May (1936–2020) was an Australian physicist turned theoretical ecologist, professor at Princeton (1973–1988), then at Oxford and Imperial College, later President of the Royal Society. “Will a large complex system be stable?” (1972) showed that randomly connected ecosystems lose stability as they gain complexity. His 1976 paper on the logistic map showed a simple population model behaving chaotically, and with Andrew Haldane (2011) he treated banking as an ecosystem prone to systemic risk.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "May 1976, Nature 261:459, logistic-map review"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Nowak & May 1992, “Evolutionary games and spatial chaos” (Nature 359:826)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "May 1977, “Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states” (Nature 269:471)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "May, Levin & Sugihara 2008, “Ecology for bankers” (Nature 451:893); Haldane & May 2011, “Systemic risk in banking ecosystems” (Nature 469:351)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Will a large complex system be stable?” (Nature 238:413, 1972); *Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems* (Princeton UP 1973); May 1974 (Science 186:645)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert McC. Netting",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Hill Farmers of Nigeria* (1968); *Cultural Ecology* (1977)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Balancing on an Alp* (1981), the Törbel commons, a principal case in Ostrom’s *Governing the Commons* (1990)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Robert Ulanowicz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Growth and Development: Ecosystems Phenomenology* (Springer 1986), ecological network analysis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rodney Brooks",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Intelligence without representation” (Artif. Intell. 47:139, 1991), behaviour-based robotics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Roland McKean",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Hitch & McKean 1960"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Romualdo Pastor-Satorras",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Pastor-Satorras & Vespignani 2001 (PRL 86:3200), no epidemic threshold on scale-free networks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ronald Fisher",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Fisher 1918 (Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 52:399); *The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection* (Clarendon 1930)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ronald J. Williams",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of “Learning representations by back-propagating errors” (1986)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rosario Mantegna",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Mantegna & Stanley 1995 (Nature 376:46) and 1999, *An Introduction to Econophysics*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rosi Braidotti",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "coined ‘new materialism’ with DeLanda, independently, in the late 1990s (Dolphijn & van der Tuin 2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Roy Ellen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Environment, Subsistence and System* (Cambridge UP 1982), survey and critique of the ecosystem approach"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Roy Gardner",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ostrom, Gardner & Walker 1994, *Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Roy Rappaport",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "*Pigs for the Ancestors* (1968); “Ritual, sanctity, and cybernetics” (1971)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rudolf Kálmán",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 2,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Kalman filter 1960 (J. Basic Eng. 82:35); state-space methods"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rudolf Peierls",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Peierls 1936, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 32:477, ordering in the 2D Ising model"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rudolf Raff",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Raff & Kaufman 1983, *Embryos, Genes, and Evolution*; first author of the editorial opening *Evolution & Development* (1:1, 1999)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Rudolf Stichweh",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Luhmann’s student and successor at Bielefeld; *Die Weltgesellschaft* 2000"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Russ Marion",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Uhl-Bien, Marion & McKelvey 2007, complexity leadership theory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Russell Ackoff",
    "bio": "Russell Ackoff (1919–2009) was an American organisational theorist, C. West Churchman’s first doctoral student, who taught operations research at the Case Institute of Technology and from 1964 systems sciences at the Wharton School. *Introduction to Operations Research* (1957, with Churchman and Leonard Arnoff) helped define the field. He turned to systems thinking in “Towards a system of systems concepts” (1971) and *Redesigning the Future* (1974), and led the International Society for the Systems Sciences in 1987.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "president of the Society for General Systems Research 1987; “Towards a system of systems concepts” (Management Science, 1971)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Redesigning the Future* 1974 (messes); “The future of operational research is past”, 1979"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-author of *Introduction to Operations Research* 1957"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Russell C. Eberhart",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 60,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kennedy & Eberhart 1995, particle swarm optimisation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Russell Gray",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 68,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Gray & Atkinson 2003, language-tree divergence times (Nature 426:435)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Ryogo Kubo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kubo 1957, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 12:570, linear response and fluctuation–dissipation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sacha Epskamp",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 70,
        "key": false,
        "note": "qgraph (Epskamp et al. 2012, J. Stat. Softw. 48(4)); Epskamp, Borsboom & Fried 2018 (Behav. Res. Methods 50:195)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sam Edwards",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "statistical mechanics of polymers (Edwards 1965) and disordered systems; Doi & Edwards, *The Theory of Polymer Dynamics* (1986)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Edwards & Anderson 1975, J. Phys. F 5:965"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sam Kriegman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 39,
        "key": false,
        "note": "first author of the Xenobot paper (PNAS 2020)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Samantha Frost",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Coole & Frost (eds), *New Materialisms* (Duke 2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Santo Fortunato",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Castellano, Fortunato & Loreto 2009 (Rev. Mod. Phys. 81:591)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scott Gilbert",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Gilbert, Sapp & Tauber 2012, “A symbiotic view of life” (Q. Rev. Biol. 87:325)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scott Kirkpatrick",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sherrington & Kirkpatrick 1975, PRL 35:1792"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Scott Page",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Miller & Page 2007, *Complex Adaptive Systems* (Princeton)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Miller & Page 2007, *Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life*, built on agent-based models"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sean B. Carroll",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Shubin, Tabin & Carroll 1997 (Nature 388:639) and 2009, “Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty” (Nature 457:818)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sepp Hochreiter",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "LSTM (Hochreiter & Schmidhuber 1997, Neural Comput. 9:1735)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Serge Galam",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Galam, Gefen & Shapir 1982, “Sociophysics: a new approach of sociological collective behaviour” (J. Math. Sociol. 9:1)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sewall Wright",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "“Evolution in Mendelian populations” (Genetics 16:97, 1931); the adaptive landscape"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Seymour Papert",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Perceptrons* (with Minsky, MIT Press 1969)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Shaun Gallagher",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 29,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Enactivist Interventions* (Oxford University Press 2017)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 67,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "co-editor of *The Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition* (2018); Newen & Gallagher, “4E Cognition”, *Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science* (MIT Press 2026)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Shlomo Havlin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Peng et al. 1993 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 70:1343) and Bashan et al. 2012 (Nat. Commun. 3:702)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sholom Glouberman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Glouberman & Zimmerman 2002, “Complicated and complex systems” (Romanow Commission)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Simon Levin",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Ecosystems and the Biosphere as Complex Adaptive Systems” 1998 (Ecosystems 1:431)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "lead author of Levin et al. 1998, “Resilience in natural and socioeconomic systems” (Environ. Dev. Econ. 3:221); chair of the Beijer Institute board"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sriram Ramaswamy",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The mechanics and statistics of active matter” (Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 1:323, 2010)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stacy Alaimo",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 47,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Alaimo & Hekman (eds), *Material Feminisms* (Indiana UP 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stafford Beer",
    "bio": "Stafford Beer (1926–2002) was a British operational researcher and cybernetician who founded management cybernetics. He headed United Steel’s operational research and cybernetics department from 1956, co-founded the consultancy SIGMA in 1961 and wrote *Cybernetics and Management* (1959) and *Decision and Control* (1966). *Brain of the Firm* (1972) set out his viable system model of any organisation able to survive in a changing environment, and in 1971–1973 he was principal architect of Chile’s Project Cybersyn.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Cybernetics and Management* 1959; *Brain of the Firm* 1972 (viable system model)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Viable system model, one of the core methodologies of Flood & Jackson 1991"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 37,
        "key": false,
        "note": "headed operational research at United Steel, then founded SIGMA (1961), the first large UK OR consultancy; *Decision and Control* (1966)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stanislaw Ulam",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Fermi, Pasta & Ulam 1955, the first computer experiment in nonlinear lattice dynamics"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "suggested the discrete cellular setting for von Neumann’s self-reproducing automaton (Burks 1966, editor’s introduction)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stanley Milgram",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Travers & Milgram 1969, “An experimental study of the small world problem” (Sociometry 32:425)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stanley Wasserman",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 58,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "Wasserman & Faust 1994, *Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications* (Cambridge UP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Steen Rasmussen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor, *Artificial Life II* (1990 workshop); co-author, “Open problems in artificial life” (2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stefan Helmreich",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Kirksey & Helmreich 2010 (Cult. Anthropol. 25(4):545–576)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stefan Rahmstorf",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Rahmstorf 1995, bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (Nature 378:145); CLIMBER-2 Earth system model at PIK"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Lenton et al. 2008, tipping elements"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephan Harding",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Animate Earth* (2006); taught Gaia science at Schumacher College"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephanie Forrest",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "ed. *Emergent Computation* 1991 (MIT Press); immune systems and computer security as CAS; SFI"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephen Jay Gould",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Ontogeny and Phylogeny* (1977), heterochrony; Alberch, Gould, Oster & Wake 1979 (Paleobiology 5:296); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephen R. Carpenter",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 32,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Scheffer et al. 2001 and 2009 and Walker et al. 2004 (Ecol. Soc. 9(2):5)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Carpenter & Brock 2006, “Rising variance” (Ecol. Lett. 9:311); co-author of Scheffer et al. 2009 early-warning signals and Steffen et al. 2015 planetary boundaries"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephen Schneider",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "organised the 1988 AGU Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis; Schneider & Boston (eds), *Scientists on Gaia* (1991)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "climate modelling at NCAR 1972-96; founded the journal Climatic Change 1975; *The Coevolution of Climate and Life* (1984)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephen Smale",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "the horseshoe map, “Differentiable dynamical systems” (Bull. AMS 73:747, 1967), the topological mechanism of chaos"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Smale 1967, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 73:747, horseshoe and structural stability"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stephen Wolfram",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Complex systems theory” talk at the SFI founding workshop 1984 (Pines (ed.) 1988); founded the journal Complex Systems 1987"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "“Statistical mechanics of cellular automata” (1983); four classes (Physica D 1984); *A New Kind of Science* (2002)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Steven Durlauf",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-ed. Arthur, Durlauf & Lane 1997, *The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Steven M. Pincus",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 71,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Pincus 1991, “Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity” (PNAS 88:2297)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Steven Strogatz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 10,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Watts & Strogatz 1998 (Nature 393:440)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos* (1994), the standard textbook; coupled-oscillator synchronisation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stuart Kauffman",
    "bio": "Stuart Kauffman (born 1939) is an American physician and theoretical biologist, long at the University of Pennsylvania and at the Santa Fe Institute from 1986 to 1997. From 1969 he modelled gene regulation as random Boolean networks whose attractors are cell types, and he proposed that autocatalytic sets could start life. *The Origins of Order* (1993) argued that self-organisation shapes organisms as much as selection; his NK fitness landscapes are used in biology and economics.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*The Origins of Order* 1993; Farmer, Kauffman & Packard 1986 (Physica D 22:50)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*The Origins of Order* 1993, cited with Holland in the CAS canon (Stacey 1995; Walby 2007)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The evolution of economic webs”, in Anderson, Arrow & Pines (eds), *The Economy as an Evolving Complex System* (1988)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets” (J. Theor. Biol. 22:437, 1969), a precursor; cited by Huang et al. 2005 through *The Origins of Order*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Stuart Umpleby",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 13,
        "key": false,
        "note": "BCL-trained; long-time exponent of second-order cybernetics in the ASC"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sven Erik Jørgensen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 38,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "founded the journal Ecological Modelling 1975 and ISEM 1978"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Sylvia Walby",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 49,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "“Complexity theory, systems theory and multiple intersecting social inequalities” (Philos. Soc. Sci. 37(4), 2007)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Syukuro Manabe",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "radiative–convective model of CO2 warming (Manabe & Wetherald 1967) and the first coupled ocean–atmosphere model (Manabe & Bryan 1969); 2021 physics Nobel"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Talcott Parsons",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*The Social System* 1951"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tamás Vicsek",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Vicsek et al. 1995 (PRL 75:1226); Vicsek & Zafeiris 2012, “Collective motion” (Phys. Rep. 517:71)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tatyana Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 21,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Co-author of the Ehrenfests’ 1911 Encyklopädie article on the foundations of statistical mechanics"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Terrence Deacon",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "co-author of the theses on biosemiotics (2009); *The Symbolic Species* (1997), on which Kohn 2013 draws (Magnus 2014)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Terry Sejnowski",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Boltzmann machine learning (Ackley, Hinton & Sejnowski 1985, Cognitive Science 9:147)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Theodosius Dobzhansky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*Genetics and the Origin of Species* (Columbia UP 1937), the population genetics of species"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thom van Dooren",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Flight Ways* (Columbia 2014); co-founded Environmental Humanities with Rose (2012)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas Lux",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lux & Marchesi 1999, a multi-agent market reproducing the scaling of prices (Nature 397:498); co-author of “Worrying trends in econophysics” (2006)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas M. Cover",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Cover & Thomas 1991, *Elements of Information Theory* (Wiley), the standard textbook"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas Metzinger",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 18,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor with Wanja Wiese of *Philosophy and Predictive Processing* (MIND Group 2017)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas Parr",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 12,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "first author of *Active Inference* (MIT Press 2022)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas Ray",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 27,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Tierra, “An approach to the synthesis of life” (*Artificial Life II*, 1991)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas Schelling",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "segregation model, “Dynamic models of segregation” (J. Math. Sociol. 1971), the canonical precursor"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 30,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "*The Strategy of Conflict* 1960; Nobel 2005"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Thomas Sebeok",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 62,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "zoosemiotics from the 1960s; ed. with Umiker-Sebeok, *Biosemiotics: The Semiotic Web 1991* (Mouton de Gruyter 1992)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tien-Yien Li",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 8,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Li & Yorke 1975, Amer. Math. Monthly 82:985, which named ‘chaos’"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tim Ingold",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 44,
        "key": false,
        "note": "critic of Rappaport’s cognized and operational models, reprinted in *The Perception of the Environment* (2000)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 46,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*The Perception of the Environment* (Routledge 2000)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tim Poston",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Poston & Stewart 1978, *Catastrophe Theory and Its Applications* (Pitman)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tim van Gelder",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 53,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "van Gelder 1995, “What might cognition be, if not computation?” (J. Phil. 92:345); co-editor of *Mind as Motion*"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Timothy Lenton",
    "bio": "Tim Lenton (born 1973) is a British Earth system scientist, professor of climate change and Earth system science at the University of Exeter, who took his doctorate under Andrew Watson. His “Gaia and natural selection” (1998) showed that a Daisyworld model was strengthened, not undermined, by natural selection, and with Watson he wrote *Revolutions that Made the Earth* (2011). As lead author of “Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system” (2008) he introduced the term “tipping element”.",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Lenton"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "Lenton 1998, “Gaia and natural selection” (Nature 394:439); Lenton & Latour 2018, “Gaia 2.0” (Science 361:1066)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Earth system modelling; Lenton & Watson, *Revolutions that Made the Earth* (OUP 2011)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "lead author of “Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system” (PNAS 2008)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tobias Uller",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 61,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Laland et al. 2014 and 2015"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tommaso Toffoli",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 26,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "*Cellular Automata Machines* (with Margolus, MIT Press, 1987); CAM-6 hardware"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tommaso Venturini",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-author of Latour et al. 2012 (Br. J. Sociol.); controversy mapping with Latour"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Trey Ideker",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ideker, Galitski & Hood 2001 (Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2:343)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Trish Greenhalgh",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 50,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Plsek & Greenhalgh, “The challenge of complexity in health care” (BMJ 323:625, 2001) and series"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Tyler Volk",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": false,
        "note": "speaker at the 1988 Chapman Conference; *Gaia’s Body* (1998)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Uri Alon",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 57,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Milo et al. 2002, “Network motifs” (Science 298:824); “Network motifs: theory and experimental approaches” (Nat. Rev. Genet. 8:450, 2007)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Uri Wilensky",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "created NetLogo (1999) at the CCL, Tufts then Northwestern; *An Introduction to Agent-Based Modeling* (with Rand, 2015)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Victor Yakovenko",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Drăgulescu & Yakovenko 2000, “Statistical mechanics of money” (Eur. Phys. J. B 17:723)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Vincent Ostrom",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 52,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Ostrom, Tiebout & Warren 1961 (APSR 55:831) on polycentricity; co-founded the Bloomington Workshop 1973"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Vito Volterra",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "“Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically” (Nature 118:558, 1926)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Vittorio Loreto",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Castellano, Fortunato & Loreto 2009 (Rev. Mod. Phys. 81:591)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Vladimir Arnold",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Arnold 1963, “Small denominators II”, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 18(5):13, proof of Kolmogorov’s theorem (KAM)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 24,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Arnold 1972, normal forms near degenerate critical points, Funct. Anal. Appl. 6:254, singularity classification"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Volker Grimm",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Grimm et al. 2005, pattern-oriented modelling (Science 310:987)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 54,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Grimm & Railsback 2005, *Individual-Based Modeling and Ecology* (Princeton UP); Grimm et al. 2005 (Science 310:987)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Vololona Rabeharisoa",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 45,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Rabeharisoa & Callon, *Le pouvoir des malades* (Presses de l’École des mines 1999), CSI Paris"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "W. Brian Arthur",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "SFI artificial stock market (Palmer, Arthur, Holland, LeBaron & Tayler 1994, Physica D 75:264)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 1,
        "note": "Arthur 1989 (Econ. J. 99:116); *Increasing Returns and Path Dependence* 1994; SFI economics programme"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "W. D. Hamilton",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 31,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Axelrod & Hamilton 1981, “The Evolution of Cooperation” (Science 211:1390)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 55,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“The genetical evolution of social behaviour” (J. Theor. Biol. 7:1, 1964), inclusive fitness; “Extraordinary sex ratios” (Science 156:477, 1967)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "W. Ford Doolittle",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 40,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Bonen & Doolittle 1975 (PNAS 72:2310), prokaryotic nature of chloroplast rRNA"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 41,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Doolittle 1981, “Is nature really motherly?” (CoEvolution Quarterly 29:58), the Darwinian critique; later “Darwinizing Gaia” (J. Theor. Biol. 2017)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "W. Ross Ashby",
    "bio": "W. Ross Ashby (1903–1972) was an English psychiatrist, research director at Barnwood House Hospital (1947–1959) and from 1960 professor at the University of Illinois. He introduced the term “self-organizing” in a 1947 paper and built the homeostat (1948). *Design for a Brain* (1952) and *An Introduction to Cybernetics* (1956), with its law of requisite variety, made him a leading theorist of cybernetics; he presided over the Society for General Systems Research (1962–1964).",
    "more": {
      "label": "Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby"
    },
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "*Design for a Brain* 1952; *An Introduction to Cybernetics* 1956"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 4,
        "key": false,
        "note": "president of the Society for General Systems Research 1962-64"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 17,
        "key": false,
        "note": "coined the self-organising system, “Principles of the self-organizing dynamic system” (J. Gen. Psychol. 37:125, 1947); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Wallace Smith Broecker",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "ocean conveyor and abrupt change (“Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse?”, Nature 328:123, 1987)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Walter Buckley",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 9,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Society as a complex adaptive system” (1968); *Society - A Complex Adaptive System* (Gordon and Breach 1998), reprinted as an E:CO classic"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 14,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "*Sociology and Modern Systems Theory* 1967"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Walter Gehring",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 4,
        "note": "McGinnis, Levine, Hafen, Kuroiwa & Gehring 1984 (Nature 308:428), the homeobox, at the Biozentrum Basel"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Walter Pitts",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "McCulloch & Pitts 1943, Bull. Math. Biophys. 5:115; Macy participant"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "McCulloch-Pitts neuron (1943); a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Warren McCulloch",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 3,
        "note": "Chair of the Macy conferences 1946–1953; McCulloch & Pitts 1943"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "McCulloch-Pitts neuron (1943), the unit the perceptron built on; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Warren Weaver",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 3,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "Shannon & Weaver 1949, University of Illinois Press; Weaver’s expository essay"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 7,
        "key": false,
        "note": "“Science and Complexity” 1948 (American Scientist 36), organised complexity; a precursor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Wei Ji Ma",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "first author of “Bayesian inference with probabilistic population codes” (2006)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Werner Ulrich",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 5,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*Critical Heuristics of Social Planning* 1983 (critical systems heuristics)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Whitman Richards",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "co-editor of *Perception as Bayesian Inference* (Cambridge University Press 1996)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Wilhelm Lenz",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 22,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Lenz 1920, Phys. Z. 21:613, proposed the model Ising solved in one dimension"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Will Steffen",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 42,
        "key": false,
        "note": "IGBP executive director 1998–2004; lead author of *Global Change and the Earth System* (2004)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 2,
        "note": "co-author of Rockström et al. 2009; lead author of Steffen et al. 2015 (Science 347:1259855)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "William A. Brock",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 33,
        "key": false,
        "note": "SFI external professor from 1989; Brock & Hommes 1998, heterogeneous beliefs and routes to chaos (J. Econ. Dyn. Control 22:1235)"
      },
      {
        "paradigm_id": 43,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Carpenter & Brock 2006, Rising variance as leading indicator (Ecol. Lett. 9:311); co-author of Scheffer et al. 2009 (Nature 461:53)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "William A. Little",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Ising-spin network memory (Math. Biosci. 19:101, 1974), acknowledged by Hopfield 1982"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "William Grey Walter",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 1,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Electromechanical tortoises (1948–49); *The Living Brain* 1953"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "William McGinnis",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 56,
        "key": false,
        "note": "first author of McGinnis et al. 1984 (Nature 308:428), the homeobox"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "William Rand",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 11,
        "key": false,
        "note": "*An Introduction to Agent-Based Modeling* (with Wilensky, MIT Press, 2015)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yakov Sinai",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 20,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Sinai 1970, dispersing billiards, Russian Math. Surveys 25:137; Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy"
      },
      {
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        "key": false,
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      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yann LeCun",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "convolutional networks, “Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition” (Neural Comput. 1:541, 1989); 2018 Turing Award"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yi-Cheng Zhang",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 66,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 5,
        "note": "Challet & Zhang 1997, the minority game (Physica A 246:407)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yoshua Bengio",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 34,
        "key": true,
        "rank": 6,
        "note": "deep learning of representations, neural language models; 2018 Turing Award with Hinton and LeCun"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Yuhai Tu",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 65,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Toner & Tu 1995 (PRL 75:4326)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Zenon Pylyshyn",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 59,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988 (Cognition 28:3)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "Zoubin Ghahramani",
    "affiliations": [
      {
        "paradigm_id": 16,
        "key": false,
        "note": "Wolpert, Ghahramani & Jordan 1995, internal model for sensorimotor integration (Science 269:1880)"
      }
    ]
  }
]