[ { "id": 1, "source_id": 4, "target_id": 14, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1967, "year_note": "Buckley 1967, *Sociology and Modern Systems Theory*" }, { "id": 2, "source_id": 2, "target_id": 1, "strength": 9, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1943, "year_note": "Rosenblueth, Wiener & Bigelow 1943, “Behavior, Purpose and Teleology” (Philos. Sci. 10:18)" }, { "id": 3, "source_id": 4, "target_id": 5, "strength": 7, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1969, "year_note": "Emery (ed.) 1969, *Systems Thinking* (Penguin), reprints Bertalanffy 1950, “The Theory of Open Systems in Physics and Biology” (Science 111:23)" }, { "id": 4, "source_id": 6, "target_id": 5, "strength": 8, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1980, "year_note": "Meadows, “Whole Earth Models and Systems”, given in Budapest in November 1980 and published in 1982 (CoEvolution Q. 34:98), teaches system dynamics as systems thinking without the computer; *Thinking in Systems* (drafted 1993, published 2008) adapts it; Senge 1990, *The Fifth Discipline*" }, { "id": 5, "source_id": 8, "target_id": 7, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1986, "year_note": "Farmer, Kauffman & Packard 1986, “Autocatalytic replication of polymers” (Physica D 22:50), the Santa Cruz chaos group’s first work with Kauffman (Waldrop 1992, *Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos*)" }, { "id": 6, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 9, "strength": 8, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1986, "year_note": "SFI Complex Adaptive Systems workshop, August 1986, organised by Jack Cowan and Marc Feldman with Holland given star billing (Waldrop 1992, *Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos*)" }, { "id": 7, "source_id": 9, "target_id": 11, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 1991, "year_note": "Holland & Miller 1991, “Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory” (Am. Econ. Rev. 81:365)" }, { "id": 8, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 10, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1998, "year_note": "Watts’s SFI postdoc from 1998; *Small Worlds* 1999 in Princeton Studies in Complexity" }, { "id": 11, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 13, "strength": 9, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1967, "year_note": "Mead’s keynote at the first annual symposium of the American Society for Cybernetics, October 1967, published 1968 as “Cybernetics of Cybernetics” in von Foerster et al. (eds), *Purposive Systems*" }, { "id": 12, "source_id": 13, "target_id": 14, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1984, "year_note": "Luhmann 1984, *Soziale Systeme*, citing von Foerster’s “Cybernetics of Cybernetics” (1979) for the observer" }, { "id": 17, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 7, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1982, "year_note": "Haken’s International Symposium on Synergetics at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, 26 April – 1 May 1982, whose proceedings, Haken (ed.), *Evolution of Order and Chaos in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology*, carry chapters by Kauffman, Farmer and Crutchfield & Packard; Kauffman met Farmer “during a conference in Bavaria in 1982” (Waldrop 1992, *Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos*, p. 131)" }, { "id": 25, "source_id": 16, "target_id": 18, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1999, "year_note": "Rao & Ballard 1999, “Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects” (Nat. Neurosci. 2:79), derive predictive coding from a hierarchical generative model and cite the Helmholtz machine (Dayan et al. 1995, “The Helmholtz Machine”, Neural Comput. 7:889)" }, { "id": 27, "source_id": 16, "target_id": 12, "strength": 9, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Friston 2005, “A theory of cortical responses” (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360:815), rests on empirical Bayes and cites Lee & Mumford 2003, “Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex” (J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20:1434), and Kersten, Mamassian & Yuille 2004, “Object perception as Bayesian inference” (Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55:271)" }, { "id": 29, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 8, "strength": 9, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1963, "year_note": "Lorenz 1963, “Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow” (J. Atmos. Sci. 20:130), cites Birkhoff 1927, *Dynamical Systems*, and Nemytskii & Stepanov 1960, *Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations*" }, { "id": 33, "source_id": 3, "target_id": 1, "strength": 7, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1950, "year_note": "Shannon’s talk “The Redundancy of English” at the seventh Macy conference, March 1950" }, { "id": 34, "source_id": 2, "target_id": 6, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1956, "year_note": "Forrester’s 1956 MIT memorandum founding industrial dynamics, “Dynamic models of economic systems and industrial organizations” (printed in Syst. Dyn. Rev. 19:329, 2003), out of the Servomechanisms Laboratory (INFORMS profile)" }, { "id": 35, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 2, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 1944, "year_note": "Lur’e & Postnikov 1944 (Prikl. Mat. Mekh. 8) bring Lyapunov’s method into control, the origin of absolute-stability theory; Kalman & Bertram 1960, “Control System Analysis and Design via the ‘Second Method’ of Lyapunov, I: Continuous-Time Systems” (J. Basic Eng. 82:371)" }, { "id": 36, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 3, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1948, "year_note": "Shannon 1948, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” (Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27:379), footnote 8 citing Tolman 1938, *The Principles of Statistical Mechanics*" }, { "id": 37, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 17, "strength": 9, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1967, "year_note": "Prigogine’s 1967 introduction of dissipative structures on Onsager’s non-equilibrium thermodynamics (Nobel lecture 1977, “Time, Structure and Fluctuations”)" }, { "id": 38, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 22, "strength": 9, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1925, "year_note": "Ising 1925, “Beitrag zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus” (Z. Phys. 31:253)" }, { "id": 41, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 34, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1974, "year_note": "Little 1974, “The existence of persistent states in the brain” (Math. Biosci. 19:101), proposes an Ising-spin network memory, which Hopfield 1982, “Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities” (PNAS 79:2554), acknowledges; 2024 physics Nobel" }, { "id": 42, "source_id": 22, "target_id": 28, "strength": 8, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1987, "year_note": "Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld 1987, “Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/f noise” (PRL 59:381)" }, { "id": 43, "source_id": 22, "target_id": 10, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1999, "year_note": "Newman & Watts 1999, “Scaling and percolation in the small-world network model” (Phys. Rev. E 60:7332)" }, { "id": 44, "source_id": 22, "target_id": 7, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1972, "year_note": "Anderson 1972, “More Is Different” (Science 177:393)" }, { "id": 45, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 24, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1965, "year_note": "Thom’s programme from 1965 rests on Andronov–Pontryagin and Smale (Aubin & Dahan Dalmedico 2002, “Writing the History of Dynamical Systems and Chaos: Longue Durée and Revolution, Disciplines and Cultures”, Historia Math. 29:273)" }, { "id": 46, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 17, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 1971, "year_note": "Glansdorff & Prigogine 1971, *Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations*, cast the stability criterion in Lyapunov’s theory" }, { "id": 50, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 26, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1948, "year_note": "Von Neumann’s Hixon Symposium lecture, “The General and Logical Theory of Automata”, September 1948" }, { "id": 51, "source_id": 26, "target_id": 27, "strength": 8, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1984, "year_note": "Langton’s CA work, “Self-reproduction in cellular automata” (Physica D 10:135, 1984) and “Studying artificial life with cellular automata” (Physica D 22:120, 1986), precedes the 1987 Los Alamos workshop" }, { "id": 52, "source_id": 26, "target_id": 11, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1996, "year_note": "Epstein & Axtell 1996, *Growing Artificial Societies*" }, { "id": 54, "source_id": 27, "target_id": 11, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1996, "year_note": "Minar, Burkhart, Langton & Askenazi 1996, “The Swarm Simulation System: A Toolkit for Building Multi-Agent Simulations” (SFI working paper 96-06-042)" }, { "id": 55, "source_id": 27, "target_id": 7, "strength": 6, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1991, "year_note": "Kauffman & Johnsen 1991, “Coevolution to the edge of chaos: coupled fitness landscapes, poised states, and coevolutionary avalanches” (J. Theor. Biol. 149:467), take the edge of chaos from Langton 1990, “Computation at the edge of chaos: phase transitions and emergent computation” (Physica D 42:12)" }, { "id": 56, "source_id": 28, "target_id": 7, "strength": 6, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1991, "year_note": "Kauffman & Johnsen 1991, “Coevolution to the edge of chaos: coupled fitness landscapes, poised states, and coevolutionary avalanches” (J. Theor. Biol. 149:467)" }, { "id": 57, "source_id": 13, "target_id": 29, "strength": 6, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1968, "year_note": "Maturana taught von Foerster’s heuristics course at the BCL with him and Herbert Brün in 1968–69 (“Heinz von Foerster’s heuristics course: a factor in the development of second-order cybernetics in the United States”, Kybernetes 40(7/8), 2011); *Biology of Cognition* (BCL Report 9.0, 1970)" }, { "id": 58, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 14, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1982, "year_note": "Luhmann 1982, “Autopoiesis, Handlung und kommunikative Verständigung” (Z. Soziol. 11:366–379); *Soziale Systeme* (1984) rebuilds the theory on autopoiesis" }, { "id": 60, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 27, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1974, "year_note": "Varela, Maturana & Uribe 1974, “Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model” (BioSystems 5:187)" }, { "id": 61, "source_id": 30, "target_id": 31, "strength": 9, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1973, "year_note": "Maynard Smith & Price 1973, “The Logic of Animal Conflict” (Nature 246:15)" }, { "id": 62, "source_id": 31, "target_id": 11, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1984, "year_note": "Axelrod 1984, *The Evolution of Cooperation*; Nowak & May 1992, “Evolutionary games and spatial chaos” (Nature 359:826)" }, { "id": 63, "source_id": 9, "target_id": 32, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 1998, "year_note": "Levin 1998, “Ecosystems and the Biosphere as Complex Adaptive Systems” (Ecosystems 1:431)" }, { "id": 65, "source_id": 24, "target_id": 32, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 1976, "year_note": "Jones & Walters 1976, “Catastrophe Theory and Fisheries Regulation” (J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:2829)" }, { "id": 66, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 33, "strength": 7, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1987, "year_note": "SFI economics workshop 1987 (Anderson, Arrow & Pines (eds) 1988, *The Economy as an Evolving Complex System*)" }, { "id": 67, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 33, "strength": 8, "type": "Application", "year": 1994, "year_note": "Palmer, Arthur, Holland, LeBaron & Tayler 1994, “Artificial economic life: a simple model of a stockmarket” (Physica D 75:264), the SFI artificial stock market" }, { "id": 68, "source_id": 10, "target_id": 33, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 2009, "year_note": "Schweitzer et al. 2009, “Economic Networks: The New Challenges” (Science 325:422)" }, { "id": 71, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 34, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1958, "year_note": "Rosenblatt 1958, “The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain” (Psychol. Rev. 65:386)" }, { "id": 77, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 12, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2010, "year_note": "Friston 2010, “The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?” (Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11:127), cites Ashby 1947, “Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System” (J. Gen. Psychol. 37:125)" }, { "id": 80, "source_id": 3, "target_id": 18, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1999, "year_note": "Rao & Ballard 1999, “Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects” (Nat. Neurosci. 2:79)" }, { "id": 82, "source_id": 18, "target_id": 12, "strength": 9, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Friston 2005, “A theory of cortical responses” (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360:815)" }, { "id": 83, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 12, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2013, "year_note": "Friston 2013, “Life as we know it” (J. R. Soc. Interface 10:20130475)" }, { "id": 84, "source_id": 30, "target_id": 37, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1947, "year_note": "Dantzig’s 1947 meeting with von Neumann (Linear Programming, history chapter)" }, { "id": 85, "source_id": 37, "target_id": 5, "strength": 8, "type": "Critique", "year": 1968, "year_note": "Churchman 1968, *The Systems Approach*, by a co-author of the 1957 OR textbook *Introduction to Operations Research*, sets the systems approach against the efficiency and management-science approaches" }, { "id": 86, "source_id": 37, "target_id": 6, "strength": 5, "type": "Critique", "year": 1961, "year_note": "Forrester 1961, *Industrial Dynamics*, opens with a critique of the management science of its day, and Forrester stepped away from MS/OR (Lane 2022, “Fons et origo: reflections on the 60th anniversary of *Industrial Dynamics*”, Syst. Dyn. Rev. 38:292); Lane & Sterman 2011, “Jay Wright Forrester” (in Assad & Gass (eds), *Profiles in Operations Research*), find no precedent for its principles in OR" }, { "id": 88, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 38, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1946, "year_note": "Hutchinson, “Circular causal systems in ecology”, given at the New York Academy of Sciences conference on teleological mechanisms, 21–22 October 1946, and published in 1948 (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 50:221), grounds the Odums’ systems ecology (Taylor 1988, “Technocratic optimism, H. T. Odum, and the partial transformation of ecological metaphor after World War II”, J. Hist. Biol. 21:213; Hammond 1997, “Ecology and Ideology in the General Systems Community”, Environ. Hist. 3:197); Patten & Odum 1981, “The Cybernetic Nature of Ecosystems” (Am. Nat. 118:886)" }, { "id": 89, "source_id": 38, "target_id": 32, "strength": 6, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1966, "year_note": "Holling 1966, “The strategy of building models of complex ecological systems”, in Watt (ed.), *Systems Analysis in Ecology*, takes up systems ecology’s modelling seven years before Holling 1973, “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems” (Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1), names resilience, citing Walters 1971, “Systems ecology: the systems approach and mathematical models in ecology”, the systems-ecology chapter of Odum’s *Fundamentals of Ecology*; Holling 1986, “The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change”, builds the adaptive cycle on Odum 1969, “The Strategy of Ecosystem Development” (Science 164:262)" }, { "id": 90, "source_id": 8, "target_id": 28, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1987, "year_note": "Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld 1987, “Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/f noise” (PRL 59:381)" }, { "id": 91, "source_id": 3, "target_id": 12, "strength": 7, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2006, "year_note": "Friston, Kilner & Harrison 2006, “A free energy principle for the brain” (J. Physiol. Paris 100:70), formulate free energy in information-theoretic quantities, the energy term as surprise" }, { "id": 92, "source_id": 34, "target_id": 12, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Friston 2005, “A theory of cortical responses”, cites Hinton & van Camp 1993, “Keeping the neural networks simple by minimizing the description length of the weights” (COLT ’93), and Neal & Hinton 1998, “A view of the EM algorithm that justifies incremental, sparse, and other variants” (in *Learning in Graphical Models*)" }, { "id": 93, "source_id": 34, "target_id": 16, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Dayan, Hinton, Neal & Zemel 1995, “The Helmholtz Machine” (Neural Comput. 7:889)" }, { "id": 94, "source_id": 24, "target_id": 8, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1971, "year_note": "Ruelle & Takens 1971, “On the nature of turbulence” (Commun. Math. Phys. 20:167)" }, { "id": 95, "source_id": 27, "target_id": 39, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 2020, "year_note": "Kriegman, Blackiston, Levin & Bongard 2020, “A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms” (PNAS 117:1853)" }, { "id": 96, "source_id": 12, "target_id": 39, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 2015, "year_note": "Friston, Levin, Sengupta & Pezzulo 2015, “Knowing one’s place: a free-energy approach to pattern regulation” (J. R. Soc. Interface 12:20141383)" }, { "id": 97, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 39, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Lyon, “The biogenic approach to cognition”, published online in October 2005 (Cogn. Process. 7:11, 2006); Lyon 2015, “The cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered” (Front. Microbiol. 6:264)" }, { "id": 98, "source_id": 40, "target_id": 41, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1974, "year_note": "Margulis & Lovelock 1974, “Biological modulation of the Earth’s atmosphere” (Icarus 21:471), and Lovelock & Margulis 1974, “Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis” (Tellus 26:2): Margulis’s microbial mechanisms of atmospheric regulation" }, { "id": 99, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 41, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1974, "year_note": "Lovelock & Margulis 1974, “Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis” (Tellus 26:2), define Gaia as an active adaptive control system keeping the atmosphere in homeostasis; Lovelock 1979, *Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth*, ch. 4, “Cybernetics”" }, { "id": 100, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 41, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1974, "year_note": "Lovelock & Margulis 1974, “Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis” (Tellus 26:2), cite Denbigh’s *The Thermodynamics of the Steady State* (1951); Lovelock 1965, “A physical basis for life detection experiments” (Nature 207:568), takes entropy reduction as the physical sign of life" }, { "id": 101, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 41, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1987, "year_note": "Sagan & Margulis 1987, “Gaia and the Evolution of Machines” (Whole Earth Review 55:15), first join Gaia to autopoiesis; Margulis, “Big Trouble in Biology” (c. 1990, in *Slanted Truths* 1997); Clarke 2020, *Gaian Systems*" }, { "id": 102, "source_id": 41, "target_id": 42, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1997, "year_note": "von Bloh, Block & Schellnhuber 1997, “Self-stabilization of the biosphere under global change: a tutorial geophysiological approach” (Tellus B 49:249), run Daisyworld as a geophysiological model; Schellnhuber 1999, “‘Earth system’ analysis and the second Copernican revolution” (Nature 402:C19), cites Lenton 1998, “Gaia and natural selection” (Nature 394:439); Barton 2023, “Branding the Earth: Selling Earth system science in the United States, 1983–1988” (Soc. Stud. Sci. 53:49), finds no trace of Gaia in the NASA committee archives" }, { "id": 103, "source_id": 8, "target_id": 42, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1976, "year_note": "Hasselmann 1976, “Stochastic climate models Part I. Theory” (Tellus 28:473), builds stochastic climate models on Lorenz (Ravishankara, Randall & Hurrell 2022, “Complex and yet predictable: The message of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics”, PNAS 119:e2120669119)" }, { "id": 104, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 42, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 1976, "year_note": "Hasselmann 1976, “Stochastic climate models Part I. Theory” (Tellus 28:473); Benzi, Parisi, Sutera & Vulpiani 1982, “Stochastic resonance in climatic change” (Tellus 34:10), stochastic resonance and glacial cycles" }, { "id": 105, "source_id": 42, "target_id": 43, "strength": 9, "type": "Evolution", "year": 2000, "year_note": "Crutzen & Stoermer 2000, “The ‘Anthropocene’” (IGBP Global Change Newsletter 41:17); Rockström et al. 2009, “Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity” (Ecol. Soc. 14(2):32), name Earth system science their second branch" }, { "id": 106, "source_id": 32, "target_id": 43, "strength": 7, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2009, "year_note": "Rockström et al. 2009, “Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity” (Ecol. Soc. 14(2):32) and “A safe operating space for humanity” (Nature 461:472), take resilience (Holling 1973, “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems”; Gunderson & Holling 2002, *Panarchy*) as their third branch; Folke, Walker and Scheffer are co-authors" }, { "id": 107, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 43, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 2004, "year_note": "Held & Kleinen 2004, “Detection of climate system bifurcations by degenerate fingerprinting” (Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:L23207); Livina & Lenton 2007, “A modified method for detecting incipient bifurcations in a dynamical system” (Geophys. Res. Lett. 34)" }, { "id": 108, "source_id": 6, "target_id": 43, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2009, "year_note": "Rockström et al. 2009, “Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity” (Ecol. Soc. 14(2):32), build on and extend the limits to growth (Meadows et al. 1972, *The Limits to Growth*; 2004, *Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update*)" }, { "id": 110, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 32, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1973, "year_note": "Holling 1973, “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems” (Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1), defines resilience on domains of attraction in the phase plane, citing May 1971–72, Rosenzweig & MacArthur 1963, “Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions” (Am. Nat. 97:209), and Minorsky 1962, *Nonlinear Oscillations*; Scheffer et al. 2009, “Early-warning signals for critical transitions” (Nature 461:53), build early warning on bifurcation theory" }, { "id": 112, "source_id": 41, "target_id": 45, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2011, "year_note": "Latour, “Waiting for Gaia: Composing the common world through arts and politics”, lecture at the French Institute, London, November 2011; *Facing Gaia: Six Lectures on the Political Theology of Nature*, Gifford Lectures 2013; Lenton & Latour 2018, “Gaia 2.0” (Science 361:1066)" }, { "id": 113, "source_id": 40, "target_id": 46, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2008, "year_note": "Haraway 2008, *When Species Meet*, builds companion species on Margulis & Sagan’s *Acquiring Genomes* and symbiogenesis; *Staying with the Trouble* (2016), ch. 3, joins sympoiesis to it" }, { "id": 114, "source_id": 38, "target_id": 44, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 1963, "year_note": "Geertz 1963, *Agricultural Involution*, compares generalised and specialised ecosystems; Rappaport 1968, *Pigs for the Ancestors*, cites Odum 1959, *Fundamentals of Ecology* (2nd edn); Vayda & McCay 1975, “New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology” (Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 4:293), call it the systems-ecology approach in anthropology" }, { "id": 115, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 44, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1968, "year_note": "Rappaport 1968, *Pigs for the Ancestors*, casts Maring ritual as a homeostat in cybernetic terms; “Ritual, sanctity, and cybernetics” (Am. Anthropol. 73:59, 1971)" }, { "id": 116, "source_id": 44, "target_id": 46, "strength": 5, "type": "Critique", "year": 1992, "year_note": "Ingold 1992, “Culture and the perception of the environment”, in Croll & Parkin (eds), *Bush Base: Forest Farm*, criticises Rappaport’s split between cognized and operational models, reprinted in *The Perception of the Environment* (2000); Biersack 1999, “Introduction: From the ‘New Ecology’ to the New Ecologies” (Am. Anthropol. 101:5)" }, { "id": 118, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 45, "strength": 4, "type": "Critique", "year": 2011, "year_note": "Latour, Jensen, Venturini, Grauwin & Boullier, “‘The whole is always smaller than its parts’: a digital test of Gabriel Tarde’s monads”, posted on Latour’s website in 2011 and published in 2012 (Br. J. Sociol. 63:590), set a one-level standpoint against multi-agent models, citing Epstein & Axtell 1996, *Growing Artificial Societies*, and Schelling 1971, “Dynamic models of segregation” (J. Math. Sociol. 1:143)" }, { "id": 119, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 46, "strength": 5, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2000, "year_note": "Ingold 2000, *The Perception of the Environment*, builds on Bateson’s ecology of mind; Kohn 2013, *How Forests Think*, draws on Bateson with Peirce and Deacon" }, { "id": 120, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 46, "strength": 4, "type": "Critique", "year": 2016, "year_note": "Haraway 2016, *Staying with the Trouble*, sets sympoiesis (Dempster 1998, “A Self-Organizing Systems Perspective on Planning for Sustainability”, master’s thesis, University of Waterloo) against self-making autopoiesis" }, { "id": 122, "source_id": 45, "target_id": 46, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2010, "year_note": "Kirksey & Helmreich 2010, “The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography” (Cult. Anthropol. 25:545), place multispecies ethnography at the meeting with STS; de la Cadena 2010, “Indigenous Cosmopolitics in the Andes: Conceptual Reflections beyond ‘Politics’” (Cult. Anthropol. 25:334), takes up cosmopolitics" }, { "id": 123, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 47, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1997, "year_note": "DeLanda 1997, *A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History*, reads cities and economies as dissipative structures" }, { "id": 124, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 47, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1997, "year_note": "DeLanda 1997, *A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History*, works with static, periodic and chaotic attractors and bifurcations; *Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy* (2002), ch. 1" }, { "id": 125, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 47, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2002, "year_note": "DeLanda 2002, *Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy*, draws on Kauffman’s autocatalytic sets; *Philosophy and Simulation* (2011) works through cellular automata, artificial chemistries and multi-agent systems" }, { "id": 126, "source_id": 45, "target_id": 47, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2004, "year_note": "Bennett 2004, “The Force of Things” (Political Theory 32:347), draws on Latour’s actants; *Vibrant Matter* (2010)" }, { "id": 127, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 48, "strength": 7, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1968, "year_note": "Morin 1973, *Le paradigme perdu*, avant-propos: in 1968 the Groupe des Dix, where Jacques Sauvan and Henri Laborit showed him cybernetics as an introduction to complexity; Bateson through Anthony Wilden at the Salk Institute (1969–70); von Neumann’s automata and von Foerster’s order from noise through Henri Atlan after his return" }, { "id": 128, "source_id": 13, "target_id": 48, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1972, "year_note": "Von Foerster, “Notes pour une épistémologie des objets vivants”, at the Royaumont colloquium on the unity of man, September 1972, published 1974 in Morin & Piattelli-Palmarini (eds), *L’Unité de l’homme*; Morin 1973, *Le paradigme perdu*, born of that colloquium, takes up its call for a description of the describer; Morin 1977, *La Méthode 1*, names von Foerster as the source of many of his source ideas and of the *auto*, and puts his recursion above Wiener's feedback; Morin 2005/2007, “Restricted complexity, general complexity”, on non-trivial machines" }, { "id": 129, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 48, "strength": 6, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1977, "year_note": "Morin 1977, *La Méthode 1: La Nature de la nature*, grounds organisation from disorder in Prigogine’s dissipative structures and Bénard convection; Juarrero 1999, *Dynamics in Action*, grounds intentional causation in them" }, { "id": 130, "source_id": 34, "target_id": 48, "strength": 5, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1998, "year_note": "Cilliers 1998, *Complexity and Postmodernism*, chs 2–3 take connectionist networks as the model of complex systems" }, { "id": 131, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 48, "strength": 7, "type": "Critique", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Morin, “Restricted complexity, general complexity” (Cerisy 2005; 2007): the Santa Fe programme as restricted complexity, still inside the epistemology of classical science" }, { "id": 132, "source_id": 48, "target_id": 49, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Urry 2005, “The Complexity Turn” (Theory Cult. Soc. 22(5):1), and Walby 2007, “Complexity Theory, Systems Theory, and Multiple Intersecting Social Inequalities” (Philos. Soc. Sci. 37:449), cite Cilliers 1998, *Complexity and Postmodernism*; Byrne & Callaghan 2014, *Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences*, adopt Morin’s general complexity" }, { "id": 133, "source_id": 48, "target_id": 32, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2013, "year_note": "Cilliers, Biggs, Blignaut, Choles, Hofmeyr, Jewitt & Roux 2013, “Complexity, Modeling, and Natural Resource Management” (Ecol. Soc. 18(3):1); Preiser, Biggs, De Vos & Folke 2018, “Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems: organizing principles for advancing research methods and approaches” (Ecol. Soc. 23(4):46)" }, { "id": 134, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 49, "strength": 6, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1992, "year_note": "Reed & Harvey 1992, “The New Science and the Old: Complexity and Realism in the Social Sciences” (J. Theory Soc. Behav. 22:353), join Prigogine’s dissipative systems (Prigogine & Stengers 1984 among the works reviewed) to Bhaskar’s realism as a social ontology; Harvey & Reed 1994, “The evolution of dissipative social systems” (J. Soc. Evol. Syst. 17:371); Byrne & Callaghan 2014, *Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences*, set Prigogine & Stengers against the Santa Fe style" }, { "id": 135, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 49, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 2014, "year_note": "Byrne & Callaghan 2014, *Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences*, define their programme against restricted complexity as micro-emergence by simulation" }, { "id": 136, "source_id": 9, "target_id": 49, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Urry 2005, “The Complexity Turn”, cites Holland and Kauffman; Walby 2007, “Complexity Theory, Systems Theory, and Multiple Intersecting Social Inequalities”, cites Holland 1995, *Hidden Order*, and Kauffman 1993, *The Origins of Order*" }, { "id": 137, "source_id": 14, "target_id": 49, "strength": 5, "type": "Critique", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Urry 2005, “The Complexities of the Global” (Theory Cult. Soc. 22(5):235), contrasts Luhmann’s complexity-reducing systems with complex relationality; Walby 2007, “Complexity Theory, Systems Theory, and Multiple Intersecting Social Inequalities” (Philos. Soc. Sci. 37:449), revises the concept of system through complexity against Luhmann" }, { "id": 138, "source_id": 45, "target_id": 49, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Urry 2005, “The Complexities of the Global” (Theory Cult. Soc. 22(5):235), builds global complexity on Latour 1999, “On Recalling ANT” (in Law & Hassard (eds), *Actor Network Theory and After*)" }, { "id": 139, "source_id": 8, "target_id": 50, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 1991, "year_note": "Stacey 1991, *The Chaos Frontier*" }, { "id": 140, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 50, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Stacey 1995, “The science of complexity: an alternative perspective for strategic change processes” (Strateg. Manag. J. 16:477), cites Prigogine & Stengers 1984, *Order out of Chaos*, and Nicolis & Prigogine 1989, *Exploring Complexity*" }, { "id": 141, "source_id": 9, "target_id": 50, "strength": 8, "type": "Application", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Stacey 1995, “The science of complexity: an alternative perspective for strategic change processes”, proposes a complex adaptive systems perspective on strategy, citing Kauffman 1993, *The Origins of Order*, and Gell-Mann 1994, *The Quark and the Jaguar*; Plsek & Greenhalgh 2001, “The challenge of complexity in health care” (BMJ 323:625), and Uhl-Bien, Marion & McKelvey 2007, “Complexity Leadership Theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era” (Leadersh. Q. 18:298), cite Holland 1995, *Hidden Order*" }, { "id": 142, "source_id": 5, "target_id": 50, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 2000, "year_note": "Stacey, Griffin & Shaw 2000, *Complexity and Management: Fad or Radical Challenge to Systems Thinking?*" }, { "id": 143, "source_id": 48, "target_id": 50, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2001, "year_note": "Richardson & Cilliers 2001, guest editors of Emergence 3(1), open it with “What Is Complexity Science? A View from Different Directions” (Emergence 3(1):5); Uhl-Bien, Marion & McKelvey 2007, “Complexity Leadership Theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era” (Leadersh. Q. 18:298), cite Cilliers 1998, *Complexity and Postmodernism*" }, { "id": 144, "source_id": 50, "target_id": 51, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Snowden 2002, “Complex acts of knowing: paradox and descriptive self-awareness” (J. Knowl. Manag. 6(2):100), sets Stacey 2001, *Complex Responsive Processes in Organizations*, apart as an extreme position; Snowden (Twelvetide 20:07, December 2020) counts his disagreement with Stacey among the strongest influences on Cynefin’s development" }, { "id": 145, "source_id": 5, "target_id": 51, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 2003, "year_note": "Kurtz & Snowden 2003, “The new dynamics of strategy: sense-making in a complex and complicated world” (IBM Syst. J. 42(3):462), place systems thinking and the learning organisation in the knowable domain" }, { "id": 146, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 51, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 2003, "year_note": "Kurtz & Snowden 2003, “The new dynamics of strategy: sense-making in a complex and complicated world”, set out challenges to agent-based simulation of human behaviour: people hold several identities and act with intent" }, { "id": 147, "source_id": 9, "target_id": 51, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Snowden 2002, “Complex acts of knowing: paradox and descriptive self-awareness” (J. Knowl. Manag. 6(2):100), already sets out the four domains with probe–sense–respond and credits the model to the science of complex adaptive systems; Kurtz & Snowden 2003 cite Holland 1998, *Emergence: From Chaos to Order*, Kauffman 2000, *Investigations*, and Axelrod & Cohen 1999, *Harnessing Complexity*, the first complexity book Snowden read" }, { "id": 148, "source_id": 48, "target_id": 51, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Snowden 2002, “Complex acts of knowing: paradox and descriptive self-awareness”, cites Juarrero 1999, *Dynamics in Action*; Snowden took the distinction between complex and complicated from Cilliers 1998, *Complexity and Postmodernism* (Twelvetide 20:07, December 2020); Kurtz & Snowden 2003 cite both; the enabling and governing constraints are a debt to Juarrero that Snowden acknowledged later" }, { "id": 149, "source_id": 30, "target_id": 52, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1990, "year_note": "Ostrom, Gardner & Walker 1994, *Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources*, build the IAD framework’s action situations on game theory; *Governing the Commons* (1990) starts from the prisoner’s dilemma and the logic of collective action" }, { "id": 150, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 52, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2006, "year_note": "Janssen & Ostrom 2006, “Empirically based, agent-based models” (Ecol. Soc. 11(2):37); Poteete, Janssen & Ostrom 2010, *Working Together*" }, { "id": 151, "source_id": 52, "target_id": 32, "strength": 8, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1996, "year_note": "Hanna, Folke & Mäler (eds) 1996, *Rights to Nature*, from the Beijer Institute’s property-rights programme with Ostrom and Holling among the contributors; Berkes & Folke (eds) 1998, *Linking Social and Ecological Systems*" }, { "id": 152, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 53, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1987, "year_note": "Thelen, Kelso & Fogel 1987, “Self-organizing systems and infant motor development” (Dev. Rev. 7:39), treat infant motor development as a self-organising system" }, { "id": 153, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 53, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1987, "year_note": "Thelen, Kelso & Fogel 1987, “Self-organizing systems and infant motor development” (Dev. Rev. 7:39), take a dynamical systems approach to motor development; Smith & Thelen 2003, “Development as a dynamic system” (Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:343)" }, { "id": 154, "source_id": 53, "target_id": 29, "strength": 6, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2007, "year_note": "Thompson 2007, *Mind in Life*, builds embodied dynamicism on Thelen & Smith 1994, *A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action*, Kelso 1995, *Dynamic Patterns*, and Port & van Gelder 1995, *Mind as Motion*" }, { "id": 155, "source_id": 47, "target_id": 51, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2003, "year_note": "Kurtz & Snowden 2003, “The new dynamics of strategy: sense-making in a complex and complicated world”, cite DeLanda 1997, *A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History*, for the distinction between order and un-order; Snowden 2021, “Naturalising narrated”, calls DeLanda’s assemblage reading of Deleuze central to his work" }, { "id": 156, "source_id": 37, "target_id": 38, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1966, "year_note": "Watt (ed.) 1966, *Systems Analysis in Ecology*, ties the approach to operations research applied to natural resources, with Holling among the contributors; Patten (ed.) 1971–76, *Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology*" }, { "id": 157, "source_id": 26, "target_id": 7, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1984, "year_note": "Wolfram, “Complex systems theory”, at the Santa Fe Institute’s founding workshop, October 1984 (Pines (ed.) 1988, *Emerging Syntheses in Science*)" }, { "id": 159, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 5, "strength": 6, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1950, "year_note": "Churchman & Ackoff 1950, “Purposive Behavior and Cybernetics” (Soc. Forces 29:32), cites Rosenblueth, Wiener & Bigelow 1943, “Behavior, Purpose and Teleology”; Emery (ed.) 1969, *Systems Thinking*, reprints Ashby’s “Self-Regulation and Requisite Variety”; Ackoff & Emery 1972, *On Purposeful Systems*; Flood & Jackson 1991, *Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention*, makes Beer’s viable system model one of its core methodologies" }, { "id": 160, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 33, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1979, "year_note": "Waldrop 1992, *Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos*, recounts Arthur’s reading of Prigogine in 1979, during his years at IIASA, as the origin of his increasing-returns programme; Arthur’s own preface to *Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy* (1994, p. xiv) names Prigogine’s essay “Order through Fluctuation: Self-Organization and Social System”, lent him by his colleague Mark Cantley “back in Vienna, in the fall of 1979”, and dates the approach to October and November 1979" }, { "id": 161, "source_id": 26, "target_id": 60, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1962, "year_note": "Holland 1962, “Outline for a Logical Theory of Adaptive Systems” (J. ACM 9:297), the root of his genetic algorithm, cites von Neumann’s automata and Burks on growing automata beside Holland’s iterative circuit computers, which Burks counts among cellular automata" }, { "id": 162, "source_id": 4, "target_id": 48, "strength": 5, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1969, "year_note": "Morin’s survey of general systems theory in his year at the Salk Institute (1969–70), through Anthony Wilden (foreword to *Le paradigme perdu*, 1973); *La Méthode* 1 (1977) acknowledges the debt for the system as a whole irreducible to its parts and for the open system" }, { "id": 163, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 13, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1972, "year_note": "von Foerster 1972, “Notes on an Epistemology for Living Things”, cites Maturana 1970 and Maturana & Varela 1972 on autopoiesis" }, { "id": 164, "source_id": 45, "target_id": 41, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2018, "year_note": "Lenton & Latour 2018, “Gaia 2.0” (Science 361:1066), cites Latour’s *Facing Gaia* and brings his reading of Gaia into Earth system thinking" }, { "id": 165, "source_id": 54, "target_id": 8, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1974, "year_note": "May 1974, “Biological Populations with Nonoverlapping Generations: Stable Points, Stable Cycles, and Chaos” (Science 186:645), finds chaos in the simplest population model; May 1976 (Nature 261:459) reviews the logistic map for the new field" }, { "id": 166, "source_id": 54, "target_id": 31, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1981, "year_note": "Hofbauer 1981, “On the occurrence of limit cycles in the Volterra-Lotka equation” (Nonlinear Anal. 5:1003), relates the replicator equation of evolutionary games to the Lotka–Volterra equations of population ecology" }, { "id": 167, "source_id": 54, "target_id": 11, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Grimm et al. 2005, “Pattern-Oriented Modeling of Agent-Based Complex Systems: Lessons from Ecology” (Science 310:987), carries the individual-based models of population ecology (Grimm & Railsback 2005) into agent-based modelling" }, { "id": 168, "source_id": 55, "target_id": 31, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1973, "year_note": "Maynard Smith & Price 1973, “The Logic of Animal Conflict” (Nature 246:15), cites Hamilton 1967, “Extraordinary sex ratios” (Science 156:477), whose unbeatable strategy it generalises, and Price 1972 on the covariance mathematics of selection (Ann. Hum. Genet. 35:485)" }, { "id": 169, "source_id": 4, "target_id": 57, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1968, "year_note": "Mesarović (ed.) 1968, *Systems Theory and Biology* (Springer), the proceedings of the III Systems Symposium at Case Institute of Technology, brings general systems theory to biology" }, { "id": 170, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 57, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Kitano 2002, “Systems biology: a brief overview” (Science 295:1662), opens its references with Wiener 1948, *Cybernetics*" }, { "id": 171, "source_id": 2, "target_id": 57, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Csete & Doyle 2002, “Reverse engineering of biological complexity” (Science 295:1664), reads robustness in cells with the tools of control engineering; cited in Kitano 2002" }, { "id": 172, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 57, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Huang, Eichler, Bar-Yam & Ingber 2005, “Cell fates as high-dimensional attractor states of a complex gene regulatory network” (PRL 94:128701), takes up Kauffman’s cell types as attractors, citing *The Origins of Order* (1993)" }, { "id": 173, "source_id": 10, "target_id": 57, "strength": 7, "type": "Application", "year": 2000, "year_note": "Jeong, Tombor, Albert, Oltvai & Barabási 2000, “The large-scale organization of metabolic networks” (Nature 407:651), finds network science’s scale-free structure in metabolism; Barabási & Oltvai 2004 (Nat. Rev. Genet. 5:101) set out network biology" }, { "id": 174, "source_id": 58, "target_id": 10, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1998, "year_note": "Watts & Strogatz 1998, “Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks” (Nature 393:440), cite Milgram 1967, Kochen (ed.) 1989 and Wasserman & Faust 1994; Barabási & Albert 1999 cite Wasserman & Faust and Milgram" }, { "id": 175, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 59, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1956, "year_note": "the Dartmouth summer project of 1956, proposed by McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester and Shannon on 31 August 1955 (reprinted AI Mag. 27(4):12, 2006), lists neuron nets among its topics; Shannon came to it from the Macy conferences" }, { "id": 176, "source_id": 3, "target_id": 59, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1956, "year_note": "Miller 1956, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information” (Psychol. Rev. 63:81), measures the span of judgement and memory in bits; Newell & Simon’s Logic Theory Machine appeared in IRE Trans. Inf. Theory 2(3):61 (1956)" }, { "id": 177, "source_id": 59, "target_id": 34, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 1986, "year_note": "Rumelhart, McClelland & the PDP Research Group 1986, *Parallel Distributed Processing*, vol. 1 (MIT Press), sets networks of simple units against the rules and symbols of cognitive science, which Minsky & Papert’s *Perceptrons* (1969) had turned against the perceptron" }, { "id": 178, "source_id": 59, "target_id": 29, "strength": 7, "type": "Critique", "year": 1991, "year_note": "Varela, Thompson & Rosch 1991, *The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience* (MIT Press), defines enaction against cognitivism, the computational theory of mind" }, { "id": 179, "source_id": 59, "target_id": 53, "strength": 6, "type": "Critique", "year": 1995, "year_note": "van Gelder 1995, “What might cognition be, if not computation?” (J. Philos. 92:345), sets the dynamical hypothesis against the computational theory of cognition" }, { "id": 180, "source_id": 55, "target_id": 60, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1962, "year_note": "Holland 1962, “Outline for a Logical Theory of Adaptive Systems” (J. ACM 9:297), cites Fisher’s *The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection* and Wright on the genetics of populations; the genetic algorithm’s populations, selection and fitness come from them" }, { "id": 181, "source_id": 60, "target_id": 9, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1986, "year_note": "Holland brings the genetic algorithm and classifier systems to the Santa Fe Institute’s workshop on complex adaptive systems in 1986; *Hidden Order* (1995) builds complex adaptive systems on them" }, { "id": 182, "source_id": 60, "target_id": 27, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 1994, "year_note": "Sims 1994, “Evolving virtual creatures” (SIGGRAPH ’94, pp. 15–22), evolves the bodies and controllers of artificial creatures with a genetic algorithm" }, { "id": 183, "source_id": 27, "target_id": 60, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Kennedy & Eberhart 1995, “Particle swarm optimization” (Proc. ICNN’95 4:1942), builds an optimiser on simulated bird flocks, citing Reynolds 1987, and relates it to artificial life" }, { "id": 184, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 60, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1996, "year_note": "Dorigo, Maniezzo & Colorni 1996, “Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents” (IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B 26:29), cites Deneubourg & Goss 1989 on the self-organised trails of ants, the Brussels line that began with Deneubourg 1977 on order through fluctuations" }, { "id": 185, "source_id": 56, "target_id": 61, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2007, "year_note": "Müller 2007, “Evo–devo: extending the evolutionary synthesis” (Nat. Rev. Genet. 8:943), makes evo-devo’s concepts the extension; Pigliucci & Müller (eds) 2010 build it on evolvability, facilitated variation and epigenetic innovation" }, { "id": 186, "source_id": 55, "target_id": 61, "strength": 8, "type": "Critique", "year": 2007, "year_note": "Pigliucci 2007, “Do we need an extended evolutionary synthesis?” (Evolution 61:2743); Laland et al. 2014, “Does evolutionary theory need a rethink?” (Nature 514:161), against the gene-centred theory of the Modern Synthesis" }, { "id": 187, "source_id": 57, "target_id": 61, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2013, "year_note": "Noble 2013, “Physiology is rocking the foundations of evolutionary biology” (Exp. Physiol. 98:1235), asks for a new synthesis of evolutionary theory and experimental physiology from the multilevel view of “A theory of biological relativity” (2012)" }, { "id": 188, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 62, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2008, "year_note": "Hoffmeyer (ed.) 2008, *A Legacy for Living Systems: Gregory Bateson as Precursor to Biosemiotics* (Springer), claims Bateson’s cybernetic ecology of mind for biosemiotics" }, { "id": 189, "source_id": 4, "target_id": 62, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2009, "year_note": "Pattee & Kull 2009, “A biosemiotic conversation: between physics and semiotics” (Sign Syst. Stud. 37:311), brings Pattee’s physics of symbols, from his hierarchy theory, into biosemiotics" }, { "id": 190, "source_id": 61, "target_id": 62, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2021, "year_note": "Noble 2021, “The Illusions of the Modern Synthesis” (Biosemiotics 14:5), a target article with commentaries in the same volume and Noble’s reply (14:683)" }, { "id": 191, "source_id": 62, "target_id": 46, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2013, "year_note": "Kohn 2013, *How Forests Think* (University of California Press), builds its anthropology beyond the human on Peirce and on Terrence Deacon’s semiotics (Magnus 2014, Sign Syst. Stud. 42:157), Deacon a co-author of the theses on biosemiotics (2009)" }, { "id": 192, "source_id": 38, "target_id": 63, "strength": 6, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1989, "year_note": "Costanza, H. T. Odum’s doctoral student at Florida, opens the new journal *Ecological Economics* with “What is ecological economics?” (Ecol. Econ. 1:1, 1989)" }, { "id": 193, "source_id": 6, "target_id": 63, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1989, "year_note": "Costanza 1989, “What is ecological economics?” (Ecol. Econ. 1:1), cites Meadows et al. 1972, *The Limits to Growth*, beside Daly 1977" }, { "id": 194, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 63, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1971, "year_note": "Georgescu-Roegen 1971, *The Entropy Law and the Economic Process* (Harvard UP), makes the second law of thermodynamics a limit on every economic process; Kümmel 1989 (Ecol. Econ. 1:161) brings entropy into the journal’s first volume" }, { "id": 195, "source_id": 63, "target_id": 43, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2009, "year_note": "Rockström et al. 2009, “Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity” (Ecol. Soc. 14(2):32), name ecological economics among the three branches they build on, citing Costanza (ed.) 1991" }, { "id": 196, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 64, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1979, "year_note": "Allen & Sanglier 1979, “A dynamic model of growth in a central place system” (Geogr. Anal. 11:256), from Prigogine’s Brussels group; Portugali 2000, *Self-Organization and the City* (Springer Series in Synergetics), builds on Haken’s synergetics" }, { "id": 197, "source_id": 26, "target_id": 64, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1993, "year_note": "White & Engelen 1993, “Cellular automata and fractal urban form” (Environ. Plan. A 25:1175); Batty 2005, *Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals* (MIT Press)" }, { "id": 198, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 64, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2005, "year_note": "Batty 2005, *Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals* (MIT Press), simulates the growth of cities with agent-based models" }, { "id": 199, "source_id": 7, "target_id": 64, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2007, "year_note": "Bettencourt, Lobo, Helbing, Kühnert & West 2007, “Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities” (PNAS 104:7301), at the Santa Fe Institute, cite West, Brown & Enquist 1997 on biological scaling" }, { "id": 200, "source_id": 10, "target_id": 64, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2008, "year_note": "Batty 2008, “The size, scale, and shape of cities” (Science 319:769), ties urban theory to network science, citing Newman, Barabási & Watts, *The Structure and Dynamics of Networks*" }, { "id": 201, "source_id": 17, "target_id": 65, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2001, "year_note": "Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz & Bonabeau 2001, *Self-Organization in Biological Systems* (Princeton UP), with Deneubourg of the Brussels school; Sumpter 2006 (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 361:5) takes its inspiration from patterns in physical systems, citing Nicolis & Prigogine 1977" }, { "id": 202, "source_id": 22, "target_id": 65, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Vicsek, Czirók, Ben-Jacob, Cohen & Shochet 1995, “Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles” (PRL 75:1226), cite Stanley 1971 and Ma 1976 on critical phenomena; Toner & Tu 1995 (PRL 75:4326) treat a flock as a dynamical XY model" }, { "id": 203, "source_id": 27, "target_id": 65, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Couzin, Krause, James, Ruxton & Franks 2002, “Collective memory and spatial sorting in animal groups” (J. Theor. Biol. 218:1), cite Reynolds 1987 on boids beside Vicsek’s self-propelled particles" }, { "id": 204, "source_id": 54, "target_id": 32, "strength": 7, "type": "Evolution", "year": 1973, "year_note": "Holling 1973, “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems” (Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1), defines resilience on the dynamics of populations: most of its references are population ecology, from predator–prey and host–parasite theory and experiments (Nicholson & Bailey 1935; Huffaker, Shea & Herman 1963; Rosenzweig 1971; May 1972) and his own predation and functional-response papers (Holling 1961, 1965) to fish stock and recruitment (Ricker 1954) and spruce budworm outbreaks (Morris 1963)" }, { "id": 205, "source_id": 3, "target_id": 7, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1989, "year_note": "Zurek (ed.) 1990, *Complexity, Entropy and the Physics of Information* (Addison-Wesley; Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity 8), from the Santa Fe Institute’s workshop of that name at St John’s College, Santa Fe, 29 May – 2 June 1989: Bennett’s “How to Define Complexity in Physics, and Why”, Crutchfield & Young’s “Computation at the Onset of Chaos” and Lloyd’s “Valuable Information” build measures of complexity on entropy and algorithmic information" }, { "id": 206, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 14, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1959, "year_note": "Parsons 1959, “An Approach to Psychological Theory in Terms of the Theory of Action”, in Koch (ed.), *Psychology: A Study of a Science*, vol. 3, pp. 659–660: the value system is “the focus of a set of cybernetic control mechanisms”; Parsons 1961, introduction to part four of *Theories of Society*, vol. 2, p. 965: “the hierarchy of control, in the cybernetic sense”; *Societies* (1966) builds on that hierarchy and credits Wiener’s *Cybernetics*; Buckley 1967, *Sociology and Modern Systems Theory*: its framework “stems from the General Systems Research movement and the now closely allied fields of Cybernetics and information or communication theory” (p. vii)" }, { "id": 207, "source_id": 1, "target_id": 4, "strength": 5, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 1956, "year_note": "Boulding 1956, “General Systems Theory – The Skeleton of Science” (Manage. Sci. 2:197), takes cybernetics in as the third level of his hierarchy of systems, “the control mechanism or cybernetic system”: “The theory of control mechanisms (‘thermostats’) has established itself as the new discipline of cybernetics”" }, { "id": 208, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 57, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1998, "year_note": "Borisuk & Tyson 1998, “Bifurcation Analysis of a Model of Mitotic Control in Frog Eggs” (J. Theor. Biol. 195:69), and Chen et al. 2000 on the budding-yeast cell cycle (Mol. Biol. Cell 11:369) take bifurcation analysis to the cell cycle’s regulatory network; Kitano 2002, the field’s programmatic overview (Science 295:1662), cites both, and Tyson, Chen & Novak 2003, “Sniffers, buzzers, toggles and blinkers” (Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15:221), read signalling pathways by their dynamics" }, { "id": 209, "source_id": 57, "target_id": 39, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 2021, "year_note": "Biswas, Manicka, Hoel & Levin 2021, “Gene regulatory networks exhibit several kinds of memory” (iScience 24:102131), measure memory in the gene-regulatory network models of systems biology, citing Kauffman 1969, Wang et al. 2012 on Boolean modelling in systems biology and the Cell Collective (Helikar et al. 2012)" }, { "id": 210, "source_id": 69, "target_id": 17, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1984, "year_note": "Prigogine & Stengers, *Order Out of Chaos* (1984; *La Nouvelle Alliance*, 1979), ch. III, section “Process and Reality: Whitehead” (pp. 93–96), on Whitehead's “philosophy of relation” and “of innovating becoming”, after a section on Bergson's duration; the conclusion (p. 310): “The direction which the microscopic theory of irreversibility takes gives a new content to the speculations of Whitehead and Heidegger”" }, { "id": 211, "source_id": 69, "target_id": 4, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1949, "year_note": "Bertalanffy's general system theory, first printed in 1949, grew from the organismic conception which, he writes in *General System Theory* (1968), he developed in the 1920s “with parallel developments in the Anglo-Saxon countries (Whitehead, Woodger, Coghill and others)” (p. 208), and “An atom, a crystal, or a molecule are organizations, as Whitehead never failed to emphasize” (p. 47); *Science and the Modern World* in the references" }, { "id": 212, "source_id": 69, "target_id": 45, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2004, "year_note": "Latour 2004, “Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern” (Crit. Inq. 30:225): “Of all the modern philosophers who tried to overcome matters of fact, Whitehead is the only one who … tried to get closer to them”, on the bifurcation of nature, citing Stengers's *Penser avec Whitehead* (2002); the Spinoza lectures of 2005 (*What Is the Style of Matters of Concern?*, 2008) continue it" }, { "id": 213, "source_id": 69, "target_id": 46, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2008, "year_note": "Haraway 2008, *When Species Meet*, ch. 1: “I think this is what Alfred North Whitehead might have meant by a concrescence of prehensions”; Whitehead's propositions and Stengers's cosmopolitics, “in the idiom of Whitehead's philosophy”, in chs. 3 and 10" }, { "id": 214, "source_id": 69, "target_id": 47, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1997, "year_note": "DeLanda 1997, *A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History*, the programme’s founding book, sketches “a renewed materialist philosophy of history in the tradition of Fernand Braudel, Gilles Deleuze, and Félix Guattari” (Zone Books’ description), its meshworks and hierarchies being Deleuze and Guattari’s “strata and consistencies” (Protevi 2006); *Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy* (2002) reconstructs “Deleuze’s process ontology” (p. 3), “a universe of becoming without being” (p. 84), whose multiplicity first appears in Deleuze’s book on Bergson (1966; ch. 1, n. 1); *A New Philosophy of Society* (2006): “A theory of assemblages … was created by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze” (p. 3)" }, { "id": 215, "source_id": 22, "target_id": 66, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Mantegna & Stanley 1995 (Nature 376:46) find the S&P 500's price changes scaling over three decades of time, and Stanley et al. 1996 (Physica A 224:302) read finance with the scaling and universality of critical phenomena; Stanley's *Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena* (1971) is in this programme's canon" }, { "id": 216, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 66, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1982, "year_note": "Galam, Gefen & Shapir 1982, “Sociophysics: a new approach of sociological collective behaviour. I. Mean-behaviour description of a strike” (J. Math. Sociol. 9:1), a mean-field model of a social group; Drăgulescu & Yakovenko 2000, “Statistical mechanics of money” (Eur. Phys. J. B 17:723), the Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution for money" }, { "id": 217, "source_id": 8, "target_id": 66, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Mantegna & Stanley 1995 (Nature 376:46) start from Mandelbrot 1963, “The variation of certain speculative prices” (J. Business 36:394), and the stable Lévy distributions of prices; Lux & Marchesi 1999 (Nature 397:498) cite it too" }, { "id": 218, "source_id": 28, "target_id": 66, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1995, "year_note": "Mantegna & Stanley 1995 (Nature 376:46) cite Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld 1987 and Olami, Feder & Christensen 1992; Bak, Paczuski & Shubik 1997, “Price variations in a stock market with many agents” (Physica A 246:430)" }, { "id": 219, "source_id": 33, "target_id": 66, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1997, "year_note": "Challet & Zhang 1997 (Physica A 246:407) build the minority game from Arthur's El Farol problem, “Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality” (1994), the first of their three references; Lux & Marchesi 1999 (Nature 397:498) cite the SFI artificial stock market (Palmer, Arthur, Holland, LeBaron & Tayler 1994)" }, { "id": 220, "source_id": 10, "target_id": 66, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 2009, "year_note": "Castellano, Fortunato & Loreto 2009, “Statistical physics of social dynamics” (Rev. Mod. Phys. 81:591), review opinion, cultural and language dynamics on small-world and scale-free networks" }, { "id": 221, "source_id": 29, "target_id": 67, "strength": 7, "type": "Synthesis", "year": 2010, "year_note": "Menary 2010, “Introduction to the special issue on 4E cognition” (Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci. 9:459): the enactive strand joins the embodied, embedded and extended under one name; Clark & Chalmers 1998 cite Varela, Thompson & Rosch 1991" }, { "id": 222, "source_id": 59, "target_id": 67, "strength": 7, "type": "Critique", "year": 1991, "year_note": "Brooks 1991, “Intelligence without representation” (Artif. Intell. 47:139), against the central representations of AI; Hutchins 1995, *Cognition in the Wild*, against cognition as computation inside the individual" }, { "id": 223, "source_id": 53, "target_id": 67, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1998, "year_note": "Clark & Chalmers 1998, “The Extended Mind” (Analysis 58:7), cite Thelen & Smith 1994, *A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action*, and van Gelder 1995, “What might cognition be, if not computation?”" }, { "id": 224, "source_id": 27, "target_id": 67, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1999, "year_note": "Pfeifer & Scheier 1999, *Understanding Intelligence* (MIT Press; doi:10.7551/mitpress/6979.001.0001), embodied cognitive science built on behaviour-based robots and artificial agents, “also known as … ‘new AI’”; Brooks 1991 among them" }, { "id": 225, "source_id": 67, "target_id": 18, "strength": 6, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2013, "year_note": "Clark 2013, “Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science” (Behav. Brain Sci. 36:181), brings the situated and extended mind of Clark & Chalmers 1998 into predictive processing" }, { "id": 226, "source_id": 55, "target_id": 68, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1981, "year_note": "Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman 1981, *Cultural Transmission and Evolution*, model culture “similar to how population geneticists have created models of genetic evolution” (the Cultural Evolution Society's history); Mesoudi, Whiten & Laland 2006 cite Fisher 1930, Crow & Kimura 1970 and Hartl & Clark" }, { "id": 227, "source_id": 31, "target_id": 68, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1992, "year_note": "Boyd & Richerson 1992, “Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups” (Ethol. Sociobiol. 13:171), cite Axelrod & Hamilton 1981, Axelrod 1984 and the evolutionarily stable strategies of the repeated prisoner's dilemma" }, { "id": 228, "source_id": 54, "target_id": 68, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 2003, "year_note": "Turchin 2003, *Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall* (Princeton Studies in Complexity), models the interaction of population dynamics and sociopolitical instability, after his *Complex Population Dynamics* (2003)" }, { "id": 229, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 68, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2000, "year_note": "Kohler & Gumerman (eds) 2000, *Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes* (SFI series), cited by Mesoudi, Whiten & Laland 2006" }, { "id": 230, "source_id": 68, "target_id": 61, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2000, "year_note": "Laland, Odling-Smee & Feldman 2000, “Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change” (Behav. Brain Sci. 23:131), from gene–culture coevolution models to niche construction; Laland et al. 2015 (Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20151019) cite Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman 1981, Boyd & Richerson 1985 and models of cultural niche construction" }, { "id": 231, "source_id": 10, "target_id": 70, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2010, "year_note": "Cramer, Waldorp, van der Maas & Borsboom 2010, “Comorbidity: A network perspective” (Behav. Brain Sci. 33:137), explain comorbidity by direct relations between the symptoms of several disorders, citing Watts & Strogatz 1998, Barabási & Albert 1999, Albert & Barabási 2002 and Boccaletti et al. 2006; Borsboom, Cramer, Schmittmann, Epskamp & Waldorp 2011, “The Small World of Psychopathology” (PLoS ONE 6:e27407), find that the connections between the symptoms of DSM-IV conform “to a small world structure”" }, { "id": 232, "source_id": 32, "target_id": 70, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2013, "year_note": "van de Leemput et al., “Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression”, published online on 9 December 2013 (PNAS 111:87, 2014), with Scheffer, find the indicators of critical slowing down in the self-recorded emotions of healthy people and patients before a shift into or out of depression, citing Scheffer et al. 2009 and Scheffer's *Critical Transitions in Nature and Society* (2009); Cramer et al. 2016, “Major Depression as a Complex Dynamic System” (PLoS ONE 11:e0167490), also with Scheffer, name tipping points “preceded by early warning signals, most notably critical slowing down”" }, { "id": 233, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 70, "strength": 5, "type": "Application", "year": 2014, "year_note": "van Borkulo, Borsboom, Epskamp, Blanken, Boschloo, Schoevers & Waldorp 2014, “A new method for constructing networks from binary data” (Sci. Rep. 4:5918), estimate symptom networks with an approach “based on Ising models as used in physics”, citing Ising 1925; Cramer et al. 2016 (PLoS ONE 11:e0167490) fit their model of depression with it" }, { "id": 234, "source_id": 24, "target_id": 70, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2016, "year_note": "Cramer, van Borkulo, Giltay, van der Maas, Kendler, Scheffer & Borsboom 2016, “Major Depression as a Complex Dynamic System” (PLoS ONE 11:e0167490), read their simulated symptom networks “within the context of the cusp catastrophe model”, stress the normal and connectivity the splitting variable, citing Zeeman 1977 and Gilmore 1981; Borsboom 2017, “A network theory of mental disorders” (World Psychiatry 16:5), calls hysteresis “a hallmark of phase transitions”, citing van der Maas & Molenaar 1992, “Stagewise cognitive development: an application of catastrophe theory” (Psychol. Rev. 99:395)" }, { "id": 235, "source_id": 8, "target_id": 71, "strength": 8, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1977, "year_note": "Mackey & Glass 1977, “Oscillation and Chaos in Physiological Control Systems” (Science 197:287), find limit cycles and “apparently aperiodic or ‘chaotic’ solutions” in delay equations for respiration and blood-cell production, citing Li & Yorke 1975 and May 1974 and 1976; Lipsitz & Goldberger 1992 (JAMA 267:1806) propose “measures of complexity based on chaos theory and the related geometric concept of fractals” for ageing" }, { "id": 236, "source_id": 20, "target_id": 71, "strength": 7, "type": "Foundation", "year": 1977, "year_note": "Mackey & Glass 1977 (Science 197:287) study “first-order nonlinear differential-delay equations describing physiological control systems”, citing Hayes 1950, “Roots of the transcendental equation associated with a certain difference-differential equation”; Glass & Mackey 1979, “Pathological conditions resulting from instabilities in physiological control systems” (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 316:214), and Guevara, Glass & Shrier 1981, “Phase locking, period-doubling bifurcations, and irregular dynamics in periodically stimulated cardiac cells” (Science 214:1350); Glass 2015, “Dynamical disease: Challenges for nonlinear dynamics and medicine” (Chaos 25:097603), describes its models as analysed through “the stability and bifurcations of attractors”" }, { "id": 237, "source_id": 21, "target_id": 71, "strength": 6, "type": "Application", "year": 1993, "year_note": "Peng, Mietus, Hausdorff, Havlin, Stanley & Goldberger 1993, “Long-range anticorrelations and non-Gaussian behavior of the heartbeat” (Phys. Rev. Lett. 70:1343), find “scale-invariant, long-range anticorrelations” in heartbeat intervals; Stanley, Amaral, Goldberger, Havlin, Ivanov & Peng 1999, “Statistical physics and physiology: monofractal and multifractal approaches” (Physica A 270:309); Goldberger et al. 2002 (PNAS 99:2466): “Scaling techniques adapted from statistical physics reveal the presence of long-range, power-law correlations”" }, { "id": 238, "source_id": 10, "target_id": 71, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2012, "year_note": "Bashan, Bartsch, Kantelhardt, Havlin & Ivanov 2012, “Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function” (Nat. Commun. 3:702), build networks of interacting organ systems across the stages of sleep, citing Albert & Barabási 2002, Newman 2003 and Boccaletti et al. 2006" }, { "id": 239, "source_id": 32, "target_id": 71, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2013, "year_note": "Scheffer, van den Berg & Ferrari 2013, “Migraine Strikes as Neuronal Excitability Reaches a Tipping Point” (PLoS ONE 8:e72514), read the onset of migraine as a critical transition, beside “a large literature starting in the 1970’s linking mathematics of dynamical systems to diseases”; Olde Rikkert et al. 2016, “Slowing Down of Recovery as Generic Risk Marker for Acute Severity Transitions in Chronic Diseases” (Crit. Care Med. 44:601), with Glass, Scheffer, Dakos and van Nes, propose critical slowing down as a warning of attacks in asthma, arrhythmia, migraine, epilepsy and depression" }, { "id": 240, "source_id": 45, "target_id": 72, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2002, "year_note": "Geels 2002, “Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study” (Res. Policy 31:1257), cites Latour 1991, “Technology is society made durable”, Law & Callon 1992 on the life and death of an aircraft and Callon (ed.) 1998, *The Laws of the Market*; Geels 2020, “Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions” (Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 152:119894), section 2.1: “The MLP accommodates several core notions of SCOT, and the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) more broadly”, with Callon's technology as “society in the making” and Latour's “society made durable”" }, { "id": 241, "source_id": 9, "target_id": 72, "strength": 5, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2005, "year_note": "van der Brugge & van Raak 2007, “Facing the adaptive management challenge: insights from transition management” (Ecol. Soc. 12(2):33): “Both AM and TM have roots in complex adaptive systems theory (see Folke (2006) for AM, van der Brugge (2005) for TM)”, van der Brugge's “Complexity theory and societal transitions” at the conference of the European Society for Ecological Economics, Lisbon, 2005; Rotmans & Loorbach 2009, “Complexity and Transition Management” (J. Ind. Ecol. 13:184), cite Holland's *Hidden Order* (1995), and Loorbach 2010 (Governance 23:161) Holland and Gell-Mann" }, { "id": 242, "source_id": 32, "target_id": 72, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2007, "year_note": "Kemp, Loorbach & Rotmans 2007, “Transition management as a model for managing processes of co-evolution towards sustainable development” (Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 14:78), cite Gunderson & Holling (eds) 2002, *Panarchy*; van der Brugge & van Raak 2007 (Ecol. Soc. 12(2):33) set transition management beside adaptive management and the multi-level framework beside panarchy, “the interaction of adaptive cycles at various scale levels (Gunderson and Holling 2002)”" }, { "id": 243, "source_id": 11, "target_id": 72, "strength": 4, "type": "Application", "year": 2008, "year_note": "Bergman, Haxeltine, Whitmarsh, Köhler, Schilperoord & Rotmans 2008, “Modelling Socio-Technical Transition Patterns and Pathways” (J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul. 11(3):7), simulate Geels and Schot's transition pathways with a model that “combines agent-based modelling techniques and system dynamics”" }, { "id": 244, "source_id": 72, "target_id": 43, "strength": 4, "type": "Foundation", "year": 2018, "year_note": "Tàbara, Frantzeskaki, Hölscher, Pedde, Kok, Lamperti, Christensen, Jäger & Berry 2018, “Positive tipping points in a rapidly warming world” (Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 31:120), with Frantzeskaki and Hölscher of the Dutch Research Institute for Transitions, cite Loorbach et al. 2016 and Rosenbloom 2017; Lenton et al. 2022, “Operationalising positive tipping points towards global sustainability” (Glob. Sustain. 5:e1), on the evidence of past socio-technical transitions: “That is the foundation of ‘Transitions Management’ theory (Rotmans, Kemp, & van Asselt, 2001) and the associated ‘Multi-Level Perspective’ (Geels, 2002)”" } ]