[ { "id": 1, "type": "paper", "title": "Illustrations of the dynamical theory of gases", "authors": [ "James Clerk Maxwell" ], "year": 1860, "paradigm_id": 21, "touches": [], "note": "Read to the British Association, Aberdeen, Sept. 1859; Phil. Mag. (4) 19:19–32 and 20:21–37 (1860)" }, { "id": 2, "type": "paper", "title": "On Governors", "authors": [ "James Clerk Maxwell" ], "year": 1868, "paradigm_id": 2, "touches": [], "note": "Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 16:270–283, read 5 March 1868; Wiener 1948 names cybernetics after the governor and cites Maxwell" }, { "id": 3, "type": "paper", "title": "Weitere Studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen", "authors": [ "Ludwig Boltzmann" ], "year": 1872, "paradigm_id": 21, "touches": [], "note": "Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 66:275–370 (1872); H-function whose form Shannon’s entropy shares (Shannon 1948)" }, { "id": 4, "type": "paper", "title": "Mémoire sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle", "authors": [ "Henri Poincaré" ], "year": 1881, "paradigm_id": 20, "touches": [], "note": "J. Math. Pures Appl. (3) 7:375–422 (1881); part I of four (1881–1886), founding the qualitative theory" }, { "id": 218, "type": "paper", "title": "The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance", "authors": [ "Ronald Fisher" ], "year": 1918, "paradigm_id": 55, "touches": [], "note": "read 1918, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 52:399–433 (Crossref’s issue date 1919), doi:10.1017/s0080456800012163; Mendelian inheritance accounts for continuous variation" }, { "id": 7, "type": "paper", "title": "Beitrag zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus", "authors": [ "Ernst Ising" ], "year": 1925, "paradigm_id": 21, "touches": [], "note": "Z. Phys. 31:253–258 (1925); model posed by Lenz 1920; precursor of Phase Transitions & Critical Phenomena; Ising spins behind Little 1974 and Hopfield 1982" }, { "id": 214, "type": "book", "title": "Elements of Physical Biology", "authors": [ "Alfred J. Lotka" ], "year": 1925, "paradigm_id": 54, "touches": [], "note": "reviewed in J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 20:452 and Nature 116:461 (1925); the predator–prey equations that carry Lotka’s and Volterra’s names" }, { "id": 215, "type": "paper", "title": "Fluctuations in the Abundance of a Species considered Mathematically", "authors": [ "Vito Volterra" ], "year": 1926, "paradigm_id": 54, "touches": [], "note": "Nature 118:558–560 (16 Oct. 1926), doi:10.1038/118558a0; predator and prey numbers oscillating under coupled equations" }, { "id": 8, "type": "paper", "title": "Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele", "authors": [ "John von Neumann" ], "year": 1928, "paradigm_id": 30, "touches": [], "note": "von Neumann 1928, Mathematische Annalen 100:295–320 (Crossref)" }, { "id": 296, "type": "book", "title": "Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology", "authors": [ "Alfred North Whitehead" ], "year": 1929, "paradigm_id": 69, "touches": [], "note": "Macmillan 1929, from the Gifford Lectures of 1927–28 (Fetz, “Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology (1929)”, Whitehead-Handbuch, Metzler 2025, doi:10.1007/978-3-476-06012-9_9; Wolf's review, Economica 1931, doi:10.2307/2547931)" }, { "id": 219, "type": "book", "title": "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection", "authors": [ "Ronald Fisher" ], "year": 1930, "paradigm_id": 55, "touches": [], "note": "Clarendon Press, Oxford 1930 (doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27468); the fundamental theorem of natural selection" }, { "id": 220, "type": "paper", "title": "Evolution in Mendelian Populations", "authors": [ "Sewall Wright" ], "year": 1931, "paradigm_id": 55, "touches": [], "note": "Genetics 16(2):97–159 (March 1931), doi:10.1093/genetics/16.2.97; drift, migration and selection in subdivided populations" }, { "id": 10, "type": "paper", "title": "Regeneration Theory", "authors": [ "Harry Nyquist" ], "year": 1932, "paradigm_id": 2, "touches": [], "note": "Bell Syst. Tech. J. 11(1):126–147, January 1932; stability criterion for feedback amplifiers" }, { "id": 233, "type": "book", "title": "Who Shall Survive? A New Approach to the Problem of Human Interrelations", "authors": [ "Jacob L. Moreno" ], "year": 1934, "paradigm_id": 58, "touches": [], "note": "Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co. 1934 (doi:10.1037/10648-000); sociometry and the sociogram" }, { "id": 11, "type": "event", "title": "Operational research at Bawdsey Research Station", "short": "Bawdsey operational research", "authors": [ "A. P. Rowe" ], "year": 1937, "paradigm_id": 37, "touches": [], "note": "Initiative of superintendent A. P. Rowe to study the working of early-warning radar (Wikipedia, “Operations research”; Kirby 2003), where operational research begins" }, { "id": 221, "type": "book", "title": "Evolution: The Modern Synthesis", "authors": [ "Julian Huxley" ], "year": 1942, "paradigm_id": 55, "touches": [], "note": "George Allen and Unwin, London 1942 (Gilmour’s review, Philosophy 19:166, 1944, doi:10.1017/s0031819100004691); the book that named the synthesis" }, { "id": 12, "type": "paper", "title": "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology", "authors": [ "Arturo Rosenblueth", "Norbert Wiener", "Julian Bigelow" ], "year": 1943, "paradigm_id": 1, "touches": [], "note": "Philos. Sci. 10(1):18–24, January 1943; founding statement of feedback as purpose" }, { "id": 13, "type": "book", "title": "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", "authors": [ "John von Neumann", "Oskar Morgenstern" ], "year": 1944, "paradigm_id": 30, "touches": [], "note": "von Neumann & Morgenstern 1944, Princeton University Press; Dantzig’s 1947 meeting with von Neumann" }, { "id": 208, "type": "paper", "title": "On Non-Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order: I. The Equation ÿ − k(1 − y²)ẏ + y = bλk cos(λl + α), k Large", "authors": [ "Mary Cartwright", "John Edensor Littlewood" ], "year": 1945, "paradigm_id": 20, "touches": [], "note": "J. London Math. Soc. s1-20(3):180–189 (1945), doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-20.3.180; chaotic solutions of the forced van der Pol equation, a precursor of Chaos Theory" }, { "id": 15, "type": "paper", "title": "Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre", "authors": [ "Ludwig von Bertalanffy" ], "year": 1949, "paradigm_id": 4, "touches": [], "note": "Written for Blätter für deutsche Philosophie 18(3/4), 1945 (Bertalanffy Center bibliography; Bertalanffy 1968, p. xi, names the journal the Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie); the paper reached the proof stage, but the issue was destroyed in the war (Bertalanffy 1968, *General System Theory*, pp. 14–15); first printed in Biologia Generalis 19:114–129 (1949); the first programmatic statement of GST" }, { "id": 16, "type": "event", "title": "Macy Conferences on Cybernetics (Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems)", "short": "Macy Foundation conferences", "authors": [ "Warren McCulloch" ], "year": 1946, "end_year": 1953, "paradigm_id": 1, "touches": [], "note": "Ten meetings 1946–1953, McCulloch chair; proceedings ed. von Foerster, Mead & Teuber, who carried the circle into second-order cybernetics (Heims 1991)" }, { "id": 17, "type": "book", "title": "Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine", "authors": [ "Norbert Wiener" ], "year": 1948, "paradigm_id": 1, "touches": [ 3 ], "note": "Hermann (Paris) / Technology Press & Wiley 1948; names the field; its statistical measure of information is contemporaneous with Shannon 1948, who credits Wiener" }, { "id": 18, "type": "paper", "title": "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", "authors": [ "Claude Shannon" ], "year": 1948, "paradigm_id": 3, "touches": [ 1 ], "note": "Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27:379–423, 623–656 (1948); Shannon presented “The redundancy of English” at the seventh Macy conference, March 1950" }, { "id": 19, "type": "event", "title": "Hixon Symposium on Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: von Neumann, The General and Logical Theory of Automata", "short": "Caltech: Hixon Symposium", "authors": [ "John von Neumann" ], "year": 1948, "paradigm_id": 1, "touches": [], "note": "lecture read 20 Sept 1948, Caltech, Pasadena; published in Jeffress (ed.) 1951, *Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior*, Wiley; sets out self-reproducing automata (kinematic model), the precursor of Cellular Automata" }, { "id": 197, "type": "paper", "title": "Equilibrium points in n-person games", "authors": [ "John Nash" ], "year": 1950, "paradigm_id": 30, "touches": [], "note": "PNAS 36(1):48–49 (1950); the non-cooperative equilibrium that Maynard Smith & Price 1973 adapt as the ESS" }, { "id": 22, "type": "book", "title": "The Social System", "authors": [ "Talcott Parsons" ], "year": 1951, "paradigm_id": 14, "touches": [], "note": "Free Press, Glencoe IL 1951" }, { "id": 23, "type": "paper", "title": "Maximization of a Linear Function of Variables Subject to Linear Inequalities", "authors": [ "George Dantzig" ], "year": 1951, "paradigm_id": 37, "touches": [], "note": "In Koopmans (ed.), *Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation*, Cowles Monograph 13, Wiley 1951, pp. 339–347; simplex method devised 1947" }, { "id": 24, "type": "book", "title": "Fundamentals of Ecology", "authors": [ "Eugene P. Odum" ], "year": 1953, "paradigm_id": 38, "touches": [], "note": "E. P. Odum 1953, W. B. Saunders; Rappaport 1968 cites the 1959 edition, Holling 1973 its systems chapter" }, { "id": 25, "type": "event", "title": "Founding of the Society for General Systems Research", "short": "General Systems society", "authors": [ "Ludwig von Bertalanffy", "Kenneth Boulding", "Anatol Rapoport", "Ralph Gerard" ], "year": 1954, "paradigm_id": 4, "touches": [], "note": "Initiated 1954 at CASBS Stanford and the AAAS Berkeley meeting as the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory; renamed SGSR 1956, ISSS 1988" }, { "id": 26, "type": "paper", "title": "О сохранении условно-периодических движений при малом изменении функции Гамильтона (On conservation of conditionally periodic motions for a small change in Hamilton’s function)", "authors": [ "Andrey Kolmogorov" ], "year": 1954, "paradigm_id": 20, "touches": [], "note": "Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 98:527–530 (1954); proofs by Moser 1962 and Arnold 1963" }, { "id": 190, "type": "book", "title": "An Introduction to Cybernetics", "authors": [ "W. Ross Ashby" ], "year": 1956, "paradigm_id": 1, "touches": [], "note": "Chapman & Hall, London 1956; the first textbook of cybernetics, stating the law of requisite variety and the black box" }, { "id": 192, "type": "paper", "title": "General Systems Theory – The Skeleton of Science", "authors": [ "Kenneth Boulding" ], "year": 1956, "paradigm_id": 4, "touches": [], "note": "Management Science 2(3):197–208 (1956), doi:10.1287/mnsc.2.3.197; Boulding’s hierarchy of system levels, from clockworks to social systems" }, { "id": 238, "type": "event", "title": "Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence", "short": "Dartmouth AI summer project", "authors": [ "John McCarthy", "Marvin Minsky", "Nathaniel Rochester", "Claude Shannon" ], "year": 1956, "paradigm_id": 59, "touches": [], "note": "proposed 31 Aug. 1955 (reprinted AI Mag. 27(4):12, 2006, doi:10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904), held at Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956; the proposal named artificial intelligence" }, { "id": 239, "type": "paper", "title": "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information", "authors": [ "George A. Miller" ], "year": 1956, "paradigm_id": 59, "touches": [], "note": "Psychol. Rev. 63(2):81–97 (March 1956), doi:10.1037/h0043158" }, { "id": 29, "type": "paper", "title": "Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics", "authors": [ "Edwin Jaynes" ], "year": 1957, "paradigm_id": 3, "touches": [ 21 ], "note": "Phys. Rev. 106:620–630 (1957); statistical mechanics recast as maximum-entropy inference" }, { "id": 30, "type": "book", "title": "Introduction to Operations Research", "authors": [ "C. West Churchman", "Russell Ackoff", "E. Leonard Arnoff" ], "year": 1957, "paradigm_id": 37, "touches": [], "note": "Wiley, New York 1957; its authors Churchman and Ackoff went on to found systems thinking" }, { "id": 201, "type": "paper", "title": "Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida", "authors": [ "Howard T. Odum" ], "year": 1957, "paradigm_id": 38, "touches": [], "note": "Ecol. Monogr. 27:55–112 (1957); the first complete energy budget of a natural ecosystem" }, { "id": 32, "type": "paper", "title": "The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain", "authors": [ "Frank Rosenblatt" ], "year": 1958, "paradigm_id": 34, "touches": [], "note": "Rosenblatt 1958, Psychological Review 65(6):386-408, doi 10.1037/h0042519" }, { "id": 191, "type": "paper", "title": "A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems", "authors": [ "Rudolf Kálmán" ], "year": 1960, "paradigm_id": 2, "touches": [], "note": "J. Basic Eng. 82(1):35–45 (1960), doi:10.1115/1.3662552; the Kalman filter, recursive state estimation in state-space form" }, { "id": 36, "type": "book", "title": "Industrial Dynamics", "authors": [ "Jay Forrester" ], "year": 1961, "paradigm_id": 6, "touches": [], "note": "MIT Press 1961; builds on Forrester’s 1956 memorandum and 1958 HBR article" }, { "id": 206, "type": "paper", "title": "The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry", "authors": [ "Vincent Ostrom", "Charles Tiebout", "Robert Warren" ], "year": 1961, "paradigm_id": 52, "touches": [], "note": "Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 55(4):831–842 (1961); introduces polycentricity, which the Ostroms carried into the Bloomington Workshop (1973)" }, { "id": 209, "type": "paper", "title": "On some mathematical problems connected with patterns of growth in figures", "authors": [ "Stanislaw Ulam" ], "year": 1962, "paradigm_id": 26, "touches": [], "note": "Proc. Symp. Appl. Math. 14, *Mathematical Problems in the Biological Sciences* (AMS 1962), 215–224, doi:10.1090/psapm/014/9947; patterns grown on a lattice by recursive rules" }, { "id": 37, "type": "paper", "title": "Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow", "authors": [ "Edward Lorenz" ], "year": 1963, "paradigm_id": 20, "touches": [], "note": "J. Atmos. Sci. 20:130–141 (March 1963); cites Birkhoff 1927; the founding precursor of Chaos Theory" }, { "id": 38, "type": "book", "title": "Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia", "authors": [ "Clifford Geertz" ], "year": 1963, "paradigm_id": 44, "touches": [], "note": "Geertz 1963, University of California Press" }, { "id": 39, "type": "event", "title": "International Biological Programme", "short": "ICSU: Biological Programme", "authors": [], "year": 1964, "end_year": 1974, "paradigm_id": 38, "touches": [], "note": "ICSU programme 1964–1974; its US Grassland Biome under Van Dyne (NREL, 1967) built the ELM ecosystem model" }, { "id": 222, "type": "paper", "title": "The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I", "authors": [ "W. D. Hamilton" ], "year": 1964, "paradigm_id": 55, "touches": [], "note": "J. Theor. Biol. 7(1):1–16 (July 1964), doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4; inclusive fitness" }, { "id": 41, "type": "paper", "title": "Scaling laws for Ising models near Tc", "authors": [ "Leo Kadanoff" ], "year": 1966, "paradigm_id": 22, "touches": [], "note": "Physics 2:263–272 (1966)" }, { "id": 210, "type": "book", "title": "Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata", "authors": [ "John von Neumann" ], "year": 1966, "paradigm_id": 26, "touches": [], "note": "University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1966, edited and completed by Arthur W. Burks; the 29-state cellular self-reproducing automaton" }, { "id": 243, "type": "book", "title": "Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution", "authors": [ "Lawrence J. Fogel", "Alvin J. Owens", "Michael J. Walsh" ], "year": 1966, "paradigm_id": 60, "touches": [], "note": "Wiley, New York 1966 (library catalogue records); evolutionary programming, the first book of the field" }, { "id": 42, "type": "book", "title": "Sociology and Modern Systems Theory", "authors": [ "Walter Buckley" ], "year": 1967, "paradigm_id": 14, "touches": [], "note": "Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1967; brings GST and cybernetic feedback into sociology" }, { "id": 43, "type": "paper", "title": "On Symmetry-Breaking Instabilities in Dissipative Systems", "authors": [ "Ilya Prigogine", "Grégoire Nicolis" ], "year": 1967, "paradigm_id": 17, "touches": [], "note": "J. Chem. Phys. 46:3542–3550 (1 May 1967); received Dec. 1966" }, { "id": 45, "type": "paper", "title": "On the origin of mitosing cells", "authors": [ "Lynn Margulis" ], "year": 1967, "paradigm_id": 40, "touches": [], "note": "published as Lynn Sagan, J. Theor. Biol. 14:225–274 (1967)" }, { "id": 211, "type": "paper", "title": "Differentiable dynamical systems", "authors": [ "Stephen Smale" ], "year": 1967, "paradigm_id": 20, "touches": [], "note": "Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 73(6):747–817 (1967), doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1967-11798-1; the horseshoe and structural stability, a precursor of Chaos Theory" }, { "id": 216, "type": "book", "title": "The Theory of Island Biogeography", "authors": [ "Robert MacArthur", "E. O. Wilson" ], "year": 1967, "paradigm_id": 54, "touches": [], "note": "Princeton University Press 1967 (reissued 2001, doi:10.1515/9781400881376); an island’s species number as an equilibrium of immigration and extinction" }, { "id": 46, "type": "book", "title": "General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications", "authors": [ "Ludwig von Bertalanffy" ], "year": 1968, "paradigm_id": 4, "touches": [ 5, 38 ], "note": "Braziller, New York 1968; the programme’s standard statement, read in systems thinking (Emery 1969 reprints Bertalanffy) and systems ecology" }, { "id": 47, "type": "book", "title": "The Systems Approach", "authors": [ "C. West Churchman" ], "year": 1968, "paradigm_id": 5, "touches": [], "note": "Delacorte Press, New York 1968" }, { "id": 48, "type": "paper", "title": "Cybernetics of Cybernetics", "authors": [ "Margaret Mead" ], "year": 1968, "paradigm_id": 13, "touches": [], "note": "In von Foerster, White, Peterson & Russell (eds), *Purposive Systems*, Spartan Books 1968; from her 1967 keynote to the first ASC meeting; title given by von Foerster" }, { "id": 49, "type": "book", "title": "Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People", "authors": [ "Roy Rappaport" ], "year": 1968, "paradigm_id": 44, "touches": [], "note": "Rappaport 1968, Yale University Press; the target of Ingold’s critique of cognized and operational models" }, { "id": 50, "type": "paper", "title": "The strategy of ecosystem development", "authors": [ "Eugene P. Odum" ], "year": 1969, "paradigm_id": 38, "touches": [], "note": "Science 164:262–270 (1969); Holling 1986 builds the adaptive cycle on it" }, { "id": 234, "type": "paper", "title": "An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem", "authors": [ "Jeffrey Travers", "Stanley Milgram" ], "year": 1969, "paradigm_id": 58, "touches": [], "note": "Sociometry 32(4):425 (Dec. 1969), doi:10.2307/2786545; chains of acquaintance to a target person" }, { "id": 240, "type": "book", "title": "Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry", "authors": [ "Marvin Minsky", "Seymour Papert" ], "year": 1969, "paradigm_id": 59, "touches": [ 34 ], "note": "MIT Press 1969 (reissued 2017, doi:10.7551/mitpress/11301.001.0001); the limits of networks without hidden layers, the critique behind the lull in neural-network research" }, { "id": 51, "type": "paper", "title": "Mathematical Games: The fantastic combinations of John Conway’s new solitaire game “life”", "authors": [ "Martin Gardner" ], "year": 1970, "paradigm_id": 26, "touches": [], "note": "Gardner 1970, Scientific American 223(4):120-123, October 1970; first publication of Conway’s Life" }, { "id": 53, "type": "paper", "title": "On the nature of turbulence", "authors": [ "David Ruelle", "Floris Takens" ], "year": 1971, "paradigm_id": 20, "touches": [], "note": "Commun. Math. Phys. 20:167–192 (1971); introduces strange attractors; a precursor of Chaos Theory" }, { "id": 54, "type": "book", "title": "Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations", "authors": [ "Paul Glansdorff", "Ilya Prigogine" ], "year": 1971, "paradigm_id": 17, "touches": [], "note": "Wiley-Interscience, London/New York 1971 (French ed. Masson, Paris 1971)" }, { "id": 56, "type": "paper", "title": "Ritual, sanctity, and cybernetics", "authors": [ "Roy Rappaport" ], "year": 1971, "paradigm_id": 44, "touches": [], "note": "Am. Anthropol. 73:59–76 (1971)" }, { "id": 298, "type": "event", "title": "Founding of the journal Process Studies", "short": "Process Studies", "authors": [ "Lewis S. Ford", "John B. Cobb Jr." ], "year": 1971, "paradigm_id": 69, "touches": [], "note": "Founded in 1971 by Ford and Cobb, published by the Center for Process Studies, Claremont (Seibt, “Process Philosophy”, SEP, rev. 2022); vol. 1 at Crossref" }, { "id": 57, "type": "book", "title": "The Limits to Growth", "authors": [ "Donella Meadows", "Dennis Meadows", "Jørgen Randers", "William W. Behrens III" ], "year": 1972, "paradigm_id": 6, "touches": [], "note": "Universe Books / Potomac Associates 1972; World3; Rockström et al. 2009 build on it" }, { "id": 58, "type": "paper", "title": "More Is Different", "authors": [ "Philip Anderson" ], "year": 1972, "paradigm_id": 7, "touches": [ 22 ], "note": "Anderson 1972, Science 177:393–396 (Crossref); broken symmetry and levels of organisation" }, { "id": 59, "type": "book", "title": "Stabilité structurelle et morphogenèse: essai d’une théorie générale des modèles", "authors": [ "René Thom" ], "year": 1972, "paradigm_id": 24, "touches": [], "note": "W. A. Benjamin, Reading, Mass. 1972; manuscript complete by c. 1968" }, { "id": 60, "type": "book", "title": "De máquinas y seres vivos: una teoría sobre la organización biológica", "authors": [ "Humberto Maturana", "Francisco Varela" ], "year": 1972, "paradigm_id": 29, "touches": [ 13, 14 ], "note": "Maturana & Varela 1972, Editorial Universitaria, Santiago (es.wikipedia); English in *Autopoiesis and Cognition*, Reidel 1980" }, { "id": 61, "type": "paper", "title": "Gaia as seen through the atmosphere", "authors": [ "James Lovelock" ], "year": 1972, "paradigm_id": 41, "touches": [], "note": "Atmos. Environ. 6:579–580 (1972); first published use of ‘Gaia’" }, { "id": 217, "type": "paper", "title": "Will a Large Complex System be Stable?", "authors": [ "Robert May" ], "year": 1972, "paradigm_id": 54, "touches": [], "note": "Nature 238:413–414 (Aug. 1972), doi:10.1038/238413a0; random communities lose stability beyond a threshold of size, connectance and interaction strength" }, { "id": 62, "type": "paper", "title": "The Logic of Animal Conflict", "authors": [ "John Maynard Smith", "George Price" ], "year": 1973, "paradigm_id": 31, "touches": [], "note": "Maynard Smith & Price 1973, Nature 246:15–18 (Crossref)" }, { "id": 63, "type": "paper", "title": "Resilience and stability of ecological systems", "authors": [ "C. S. Holling" ], "year": 1973, "paradigm_id": 32, "touches": [], "note": "Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1–23 (1973); cited by Rockström et al. 2009 as a root of planetary boundaries" }, { "id": 235, "type": "paper", "title": "The Strength of Weak Ties", "authors": [ "Mark Granovetter" ], "year": 1973, "paradigm_id": 58, "touches": [], "note": "Am. J. Sociol. 78(6):1360–1380 (May 1973), doi:10.1086/225469" }, { "id": 64, "type": "book", "title": "Cybernetics of Cybernetics: Or, the Control of Control and the Communication of Communication", "authors": [ "Heinz von Foerster" ], "year": 1974, "paradigm_id": 13, "touches": [], "note": "BCL Report 73.38, Biological Computer Laboratory, Urbana 1974 (ed.)" }, { "id": 65, "type": "paper", "title": "Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model", "authors": [ "Francisco Varela", "Humberto Maturana", "Ricardo B. Uribe" ], "year": 1974, "paradigm_id": 29, "touches": [], "note": "Varela, Maturana & Uribe 1974, BioSystems 5:187–196; first computational model of autopoiesis" }, { "id": 66, "type": "paper", "title": "Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis", "authors": [ "James Lovelock", "Lynn Margulis" ], "year": 1974, "paradigm_id": 41, "touches": [], "note": "Tellus 26:2–10 (1974); with Margulis & Lovelock 1974, Icarus 21:471" }, { "id": 212, "type": "paper", "title": "Biological Populations with Nonoverlapping Generations: Stable Points, Stable Cycles, and Chaos", "authors": [ "Robert May" ], "year": 1974, "paradigm_id": 54, "touches": [ 20 ], "note": "Science 186(4164):645–647 (15 Nov. 1974), doi:10.1126/science.186.4164.645; stable points, cycles and chaos in a population difference equation, a precursor of Chaos Theory" }, { "id": 67, "type": "book", "title": "Conversation, Cognition and Learning: A Cybernetic Theory and Methodology", "authors": [ "Gordon Pask" ], "year": 1975, "paradigm_id": 13, "touches": [], "note": "Elsevier, Amsterdam 1975" }, { "id": 213, "type": "paper", "title": "Period Three Implies Chaos", "authors": [ "Tien-Yien Li", "James A. Yorke" ], "year": 1975, "paradigm_id": 8, "touches": [ 20 ], "note": "Amer. Math. Monthly 82(10):985–992 (Dec. 1975), doi:10.1080/00029890.1975.11994008; names ‘chaos’" }, { "id": 244, "type": "book", "title": "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems", "authors": [ "John Holland" ], "year": 1975, "paradigm_id": 60, "touches": [], "note": "University of Michigan Press 1975 (Hayes-Roth’s review, ACM SIGART Bull. 53:15, 1975; MIT Press edition 1992, doi:10.7551/mitpress/1090.001.0001); the genetic algorithm and the schema theorem" }, { "id": 69, "type": "paper", "title": "Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics", "authors": [ "Robert May" ], "year": 1976, "paradigm_id": 8, "touches": [], "note": "Nature 261:459–467 (June 1976); review of the logistic difference equation" }, { "id": 70, "type": "paper", "title": "Catastrophe Theory", "authors": [ "Christopher Zeeman" ], "year": 1976, "paradigm_id": 24, "touches": [], "note": "Scientific American 234(4):65–83 (April 1976); collected in Zeeman 1977, *Selected Papers 1972–1977* (Addison-Wesley)" }, { "id": 241, "type": "paper", "title": "Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search", "authors": [ "Allen Newell", "Herbert A. Simon" ], "year": 1976, "paradigm_id": 59, "touches": [], "note": "Commun. ACM 19(3):113–126 (March 1976), doi:10.1145/360018.360022; the 1975 Turing Award lecture, the physical symbol system hypothesis" }, { "id": 72, "type": "paper", "title": "Claims and accomplishments of applied catastrophe theory", "authors": [ "Raphael Zahler", "Hector Sussmann" ], "year": 1977, "paradigm_id": 24, "touches": [], "note": "Nature 269:759–763 (1977); the critique that discredited the applications" }, { "id": 73, "type": "book", "title": "La Méthode, tome 1: La Nature de la nature", "authors": [ "Edgar Morin" ], "year": 1977, "paradigm_id": 48, "touches": [], "note": "Morin 1977, Seuil; first of six volumes (1977–2004)" }, { "id": 195, "type": "book", "title": "Synergetics: An Introduction. Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry and Biology", "authors": [ "Hermann Haken" ], "year": 1977, "paradigm_id": 17, "touches": [], "note": "Springer, Berlin 1977, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96363-6; order parameters and the slaving principle" }, { "id": 302, "type": "paper", "title": "Oscillation and Chaos in Physiological Control Systems", "authors": [ "Michael C. Mackey", "Leon Glass" ], "year": 1977, "paradigm_id": 71, "touches": [ 8 ], "note": "Science 197(4300):287–289 (15 July 1977), doi:10.1126/science.267326; delay equations for respiration and blood-cell production show limit cycles and apparently chaotic solutions, read as models of respiratory and haematological disease" }, { "id": 194, "type": "paper", "title": "Quantitative universality for a class of nonlinear transformations", "authors": [ "Mitchell Feigenbaum" ], "year": 1978, "paradigm_id": 8, "touches": [ 20 ], "note": "J. Stat. Phys. 19:25–52 (July 1978); universal period-doubling constants, found 1975 at Los Alamos; Lanford 1982 (Bull. AMS 6:427) proved the conjectures" }, { "id": 236, "type": "paper", "title": "Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification", "authors": [ "Linton Freeman" ], "year": 1978, "paradigm_id": 58, "touches": [], "note": "Social Networks 1(3):215–239 (1978), doi:10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7; degree, betweenness and closeness" }, { "id": 77, "type": "paper", "title": "Infinite Number of Order Parameters for Spin-Glasses", "authors": [ "Giorgio Parisi" ], "year": 1979, "paradigm_id": 22, "touches": [ 34 ], "note": "Phys. Rev. Lett. 43:1754 (3 Dec. 1979); replica method later applied to Hopfield-network capacity" }, { "id": 78, "type": "book", "title": "Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth", "authors": [ "James Lovelock" ], "year": 1979, "paradigm_id": 41, "touches": [], "note": "Lovelock 1979, Oxford University Press; ch. 4 on cybernetics" }, { "id": 273, "type": "paper", "title": "Cybernetics of Cybernetics", "authors": [ "Heinz von Foerster" ], "year": 1979, "paradigm_id": 13, "touches": [ 14 ], "note": "In Krippendorff (ed.), *Communication and Control in Society*, Gordon and Breach, New York 1979, pp. 5–8; second-order cybernetics as “the cybernetics of observing systems”; Luhmann, *Soziale Systeme* (1984, p. 634, n. 63), cites it" }, { "id": 79, "type": "book", "title": "Systems Thinking, Systems Practice", "authors": [ "Peter Checkland" ], "year": 1981, "paradigm_id": 5, "touches": [], "note": "Wiley, Chichester 1981; first full statement of soft systems methodology" }, { "id": 288, "type": "book", "title": "Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach", "authors": [ "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", "Marcus W. Feldman" ], "year": 1981, "paradigm_id": 68, "touches": [], "note": "Princeton University Press 1981, Monographs in Population Biology 16 (doi:10.1515/9780691209357); vertical, oblique and horizontal transmission in population-genetic models" }, { "id": 198, "type": "book", "title": "Evolution and the Theory of Games", "authors": [ "John Maynard Smith" ], "year": 1982, "paradigm_id": 31, "touches": [], "note": "Cambridge University Press 1982, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511806292; the ESS synthesis that opens the peak" }, { "id": 199, "type": "paper", "title": "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities", "authors": [ "John Hopfield" ], "year": 1982, "paradigm_id": 34, "touches": [ 22 ], "note": "PNAS 79(8):2554–2558 (1982), doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554; its spin-glass analogy was taken up with the replica method by Amit, Gutfreund & Sompolinsky 1985 (PRL 55:1530)" }, { "id": 223, "type": "book", "title": "Evolution and Development: Report of the Dahlem Workshop on Evolution and Development", "authors": [ "John Tyler Bonner" ], "year": 1982, "paradigm_id": 56, "touches": [], "note": "ed. Bonner, Springer, Berlin 1982 (doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45532-2), from the Dahlem workshop of 1981; Love (ed.) 2015, *Conceptual Change in Biology*, calls that conference the one that inspired the field" }, { "id": 203, "type": "paper", "title": "Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld", "authors": [ "Andrew Watson", "James Lovelock" ], "year": 1983, "paradigm_id": 41, "touches": [ 42 ], "note": "Tellus B 35:284–289 (1983); the first model answer to the Darwinian critique; von Bloh, Block & Schellnhuber 1997 (Tellus B 49:249) run it as a geophysiological model" }, { "id": 82, "type": "event", "title": "Founding of the Santa Fe Institute and its Emerging Syntheses in Science workshops", "short": "Santa Fe Institute founded", "authors": [ "George Cowan", "Murray Gell-Mann", "David Pines" ], "year": 1984, "paradigm_id": 7, "touches": [], "note": "Incorporated May 1984 as the Rio Grande Institute (Waldrop 1992, *Complexity*, p. 79); founding workshops Oct 1984, proceedings Pines (ed.) 1988, Addison-Wesley" }, { "id": 83, "type": "book", "title": "Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie", "authors": [ "Niklas Luhmann" ], "year": 1984, "paradigm_id": 14, "touches": [], "note": "Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1984; the reference point Walby 2007 and Urry 2005 argue against" }, { "id": 84, "type": "book", "title": "Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature", "authors": [ "Ilya Prigogine", "Isabelle Stengers" ], "year": 1984, "paradigm_id": 17, "touches": [], "note": "Bantam, New York 1984; revised English version of *La Nouvelle Alliance* (Gallimard 1979); cited by Stacey 1995, Byrne & Callaghan 2014" }, { "id": 85, "type": "paper", "title": "Universality and complexity in cellular automata", "authors": [ "Stephen Wolfram" ], "year": 1984, "paradigm_id": 26, "touches": [ 7 ], "note": "Wolfram 1984, Physica D 10(1-2):1-35; the four classes of CA behaviour (preceded by Wolfram 1983, Rev. Mod. Phys. 55:601, on elementary rules)" }, { "id": 86, "type": "book", "title": "The Evolution of Cooperation", "authors": [ "Robert Axelrod" ], "year": 1984, "paradigm_id": 31, "touches": [], "note": "Axelrod 1984, Basic Books; tournaments first reported in Axelrod & Hamilton 1981, Science 211:1390" }, { "id": 224, "type": "paper", "title": "A conserved DNA sequence in homoeotic genes of the Drosophila Antennapedia and bithorax complexes", "authors": [ "William McGinnis", "Michael Levine", "Ernst Hafen", "Atsushi Kuroiwa", "Walter Gehring" ], "year": 1984, "paradigm_id": 56, "touches": [], "note": "Nature 308:428–433 (March 1984), doi:10.1038/308428a0; the homeobox" }, { "id": 87, "type": "event", "title": "Conference on Common Property Resource Management, Annapolis", "short": "NRC Annapolis conference", "authors": [ "Elinor Ostrom" ], "year": 1985, "paradigm_id": 52, "touches": [], "note": "NRC panel conference, Annapolis, 21–26 April 1985; Proceedings, National Research Council 1986 (NAP 27659); Ostrom wrote a panel paper (1985) and a chapter of the Proceedings (Ostrom Workshop bibliography)" }, { "id": 289, "type": "book", "title": "Culture and the Evolutionary Process", "authors": [ "Robert Boyd", "Peter J. Richerson" ], "year": 1985, "paradigm_id": 68, "touches": [], "note": "University of Chicago Press 1985; dual inheritance with transmission biases (Harpending's review, Science 230:931, 1985, doi:10.1126/science.230.4728.931-a)" }, { "id": 88, "type": "event", "title": "Santa Fe Institute workshop on complex adaptive systems", "short": "SFI: CAS workshop", "authors": [ "John Holland" ], "year": 1986, "paradigm_id": 9, "touches": [], "note": "SFI news (SFI at 30) names 1986 the first full-scale workshop on complex adaptive systems; Holland’s part as Waldrop 1992, *Complexity*, recounts it" }, { "id": 90, "type": "book", "title": "Earth System Science: Overview. A Program for Global Change", "authors": [ "Francis Bretherton" ], "year": 1986, "paradigm_id": 42, "touches": [], "note": "NASA Advisory Council, Earth System Sciences Committee chaired by Bretherton, May 1986; the Bretherton diagram (Barton 2023, Soc. Stud. Sci. 53:49)" }, { "id": 91, "type": "paper", "title": "Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay", "authors": [ "Michel Callon" ], "year": 1986, "paradigm_id": 45, "touches": [], "note": "In Law (ed.), *Power, Action and Belief*, Sociological Review Monograph 32, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1986 (Wiley dates the volume 1984)" }, { "id": 200, "type": "paper", "title": "Learning representations by back-propagating errors", "authors": [ "David Rumelhart", "Geoffrey Hinton", "Ronald J. Williams" ], "year": 1986, "paradigm_id": 34, "touches": [], "note": "Nature 323(6088):533–536 (1986), doi:10.1038/323533a0" }, { "id": 92, "type": "event", "title": "Artificial Life: Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (ALife I), Los Alamos", "short": "Los Alamos: ALife workshop", "authors": [ "Christopher Langton" ], "year": 1987, "paradigm_id": 27, "touches": [], "note": "21-25 Sept 1987, Los Alamos, sponsored by CNLS, SFI and Apple; proceedings Langton (ed.) 1989, Addison-Wesley (alife.org; Stanford SearchWorks); “In September 1987 … at the Los Alamos National Laboratory”, with 150 researchers (*Artificial Life II*, preface); Waldrop 1992, *Complexity*, has Holland and Arthur leave it on Tuesday, 22 September 1987" }, { "id": 93, "type": "paper", "title": "Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model", "authors": [ "Craig Reynolds" ], "year": 1987, "paradigm_id": 27, "touches": [], "note": "Reynolds 1987, Computer Graphics 21(4):25-34 (SIGGRAPH ’87); agents following local rules, a template for agent-based models" }, { "id": 94, "type": "paper", "title": "Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/f noise", "authors": [ "Per Bak", "Chao Tang", "Kurt Wiesenfeld" ], "year": 1987, "paradigm_id": 28, "touches": [ 7 ], "note": "Phys. Rev. Lett. 59:381–384 (1987)" }, { "id": 95, "type": "event", "title": "Evolutionary Paths of the Global Economy workshop, Santa Fe Institute", "short": "SFI: global economy workshop", "authors": [ "Philip Anderson", "Kenneth Arrow", "David Pines" ], "year": 1987, "paradigm_id": 33, "touches": [], "note": "Held September 1987; proceedings Anderson, Arrow & Pines (eds) 1988, *The Economy as an Evolving Complex System*, Addison-Wesley" }, { "id": 97, "type": "book", "title": "Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society", "authors": [ "Bruno Latour" ], "year": 1987, "paradigm_id": 45, "touches": [], "note": "Latour 1987, Harvard University Press / Open University Press" }, { "id": 98, "type": "paper", "title": "Self-organizing systems and infant motor development", "authors": [ "Esther Thelen", "J. A. Scott Kelso", "Alan Fogel" ], "year": 1987, "paradigm_id": 53, "touches": [], "note": "Thelen, Kelso & Fogel 1987, Dev. Rev. 7:39–65" }, { "id": 242, "type": "paper", "title": "Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis", "authors": [ "Jerry Fodor", "Zenon Pylyshyn" ], "year": 1988, "paradigm_id": 59, "touches": [ 34 ], "note": "Cognition 28(1–2):3–71 (March 1988), doi:10.1016/0010-0277(88)90031-5; the classical reply to connectionism" }, { "id": 303, "type": "book", "title": "From Clocks to Chaos: The Rhythms of Life", "authors": [ "Leon Glass", "Michael C. Mackey" ], "year": 1988, "paradigm_id": 71, "touches": [], "note": "Princeton University Press 1988 (doi:10.1515/9780691221793); Pavlidis's review, Q. Rev. Biol. 64:243, 1989 (doi:10.1086/416344)" }, { "id": 99, "type": "paper", "title": "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events", "authors": [ "W. Brian Arthur" ], "year": 1989, "paradigm_id": 33, "touches": [], "note": "Arthur 1989, Economic Journal 99:116–131 (Crossref)" }, { "id": 258, "type": "paper", "title": "What is ecological economics?", "authors": [ "Robert Costanza" ], "year": 1989, "paradigm_id": 63, "touches": [], "note": "Ecol. Econ. 1(1):1–7 (Feb. 1989), doi:10.1016/0921-8009(89)90020-7; the journal’s opening paper" }, { "id": 100, "type": "book", "title": "The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization", "authors": [ "Peter Senge" ], "year": 1990, "paradigm_id": 5, "touches": [], "note": "Doubleday/Currency 1990; the learning organisation that Stacey, Griffin & Shaw 2000 argue against" }, { "id": 101, "type": "paper", "title": "Computation at the edge of chaos: Phase transitions and emergent computation", "authors": [ "Christopher Langton" ], "year": 1990, "paradigm_id": 27, "touches": [ 26, 7 ], "note": "Langton 1990, Physica D 42:12-37; taken up by Kauffman & Johnsen 1991 (J. Theor. Biol. 149:467)" }, { "id": 102, "type": "book", "title": "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action", "authors": [ "Elinor Ostrom" ], "year": 1990, "paradigm_id": 52, "touches": [ 32 ], "note": "Ostrom 1990, Cambridge University Press; basis of Hanna, Folke & Mäler (eds) 1996" }, { "id": 104, "type": "book", "title": "The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience", "authors": [ "Francisco Varela", "Evan Thompson", "Eleanor Rosch" ], "year": 1991, "paradigm_id": 29, "touches": [ 67 ], "note": "Varela, Thompson & Rosch 1991, MIT Press; introduces enaction; Clark & Chalmers 1998 cite it" }, { "id": 106, "type": "book", "title": "The Chaos Frontier: Creative Strategic Control for Business", "authors": [ "Ralph Stacey" ], "year": 1991, "paradigm_id": 50, "touches": [], "note": "Stacey 1991, Butterworth-Heinemann" }, { "id": 196, "type": "paper", "title": "An approach to the synthesis of life", "authors": [ "Thomas Ray" ], "year": 1991, "paradigm_id": 27, "touches": [], "note": "Langton, Taylor, Farmer & Rasmussen (eds), *Artificial Life II*, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity X, Addison-Wesley 1991, pp. 371–408 (workshop Santa Fe, February 1990); Tierra" }, { "id": 259, "type": "book", "title": "Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability", "authors": [ "Robert Costanza" ], "year": 1991, "paradigm_id": 63, "touches": [], "note": "ed., Columbia University Press 1991 (reviewed in Am. J. Agric. Econ., doi:10.2307/1243998); cited by Rockström et al. 2009" }, { "id": 281, "type": "paper", "title": "Intelligence without representation", "authors": [ "Rodney A. Brooks" ], "year": 1991, "paradigm_id": 67, "touches": [ 27 ], "note": "Artificial Intelligence 47:139–159 (Jan. 1991), doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90053-M; behaviour-based mobile robots built in layers, without a central world model" }, { "id": 108, "type": "paper", "title": "Evolutionary games and spatial chaos", "authors": [ "Martin Nowak", "Robert May" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 31, "touches": [ 11 ], "note": "Nowak & May 1992, Nature 359:826–829 (Crossref); spatial games on a lattice, an early agent-based model of cooperation" }, { "id": 109, "type": "paper", "title": "The new science and the old: complexity and realism in the social sciences", "authors": [ "Michael H. Reed", "David L. Harvey" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 49, "touches": [], "note": "J. Theory Soc. Behav. 22(4):353–380, 1992" }, { "id": 225, "type": "book", "title": "Evolutionary Developmental Biology", "authors": [ "Brian K. Hall" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 56, "touches": [], "note": "Chapman and Hall, London 1992 (doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7926-1; reviewed in J. Evol. Biol. 1993), the field’s first textbook under its name" }, { "id": 245, "type": "book", "title": "Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection", "authors": [ "John Koza" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 60, "touches": [], "note": "MIT Press 1992 (reviewed in BioSystems 33:69, 1994); evolving programs as trees" }, { "id": 252, "type": "book", "title": "The Semiotic Web 1991: Biosemiotics", "authors": [ "Thomas Sebeok", "Jean Umiker-Sebeok" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 62, "touches": [], "note": "eds, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 1992 (doi:10.1515/9783110871388)" }, { "id": 290, "type": "paper", "title": "Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups", "authors": [ "Robert Boyd", "Peter J. Richerson" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 68, "touches": [ 31 ], "note": "Ethol. Sociobiol. 13:171–195 (May 1992), doi:10.1016/0162-3095(92)90032-Y; cites Axelrod & Hamilton 1981 and the evolutionarily stable strategies of the repeated prisoner's dilemma" }, { "id": 304, "type": "paper", "title": "Loss of ‘complexity’ and aging: potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence", "authors": [ "Lewis A. Lipsitz", "Ary L. Goldberger" ], "year": 1992, "paradigm_id": 71, "touches": [ 8 ], "note": "JAMA 267(13):1806–1809 (1 April 1992), doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480130122036 (Crossref lists Lipsitz alone; PubMed 1482430 both authors); ageing as a loss of complex variability in heart rate, hormone release and the EEG" }, { "id": 110, "type": "book", "title": "The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution", "authors": [ "Stuart Kauffman" ], "year": 1993, "paradigm_id": 7, "touches": [ 9, 49, 50 ], "note": "Kauffman 1993, Oxford University Press; NK landscapes, autocatalytic sets; cited by Stacey 1995 and Walby 2007" }, { "id": 111, "type": "paper", "title": "Punctuated equilibrium and criticality in a simple model of evolution", "authors": [ "Per Bak", "Kim Sneppen" ], "year": 1993, "paradigm_id": 28, "touches": [], "note": "Phys. Rev. Lett. 71:4083–4086 (1993)" }, { "id": 112, "type": "paper", "title": "Artificial economic life: a simple model of a stockmarket", "authors": [ "Richard G. Palmer", "W. Brian Arthur", "John Holland", "Blake LeBaron", "Paul Tayler" ], "year": 1994, "paradigm_id": 33, "touches": [ 11 ], "note": "Palmer, Arthur, Holland, LeBaron & Tayler 1994, Physica D 75:264–274 (Deep Blue record)" }, { "id": 114, "type": "book", "title": "A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action", "authors": [ "Esther Thelen", "Linda B. Smith" ], "year": 1994, "paradigm_id": 53, "touches": [ 29 ], "note": "Thelen & Smith 1994, MIT Press/Bradford; built on by Thompson 2007, *Mind in Life*" }, { "id": 237, "type": "book", "title": "Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications", "authors": [ "Stanley Wasserman", "Katherine Faust" ], "year": 1994, "paradigm_id": 58, "touches": [], "note": "Cambridge University Press 1994 (doi:10.1017/CBO9780511815478); cited by Watts & Strogatz 1998 and Barabási & Albert 1999" }, { "id": 262, "type": "book", "title": "Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function", "authors": [ "Michael Batty", "Paul Longley" ], "year": 1994, "paradigm_id": 64, "touches": [], "note": "Academic Press 1994 (reviewed by Peter Allen, Town Plan. Rev. 66:459, 1995, and Whitehand, Geogr. 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Phys. 81:591–646 (May 2009), doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.591; sociophysics' review of opinion, cultural, language and crowd dynamics, on lattices and complex networks" }, { "id": 313, "type": "event", "title": "Inauguration of the Sustainability Transitions Research Network", "short": "STRN inaugurated", "authors": [], "year": 2009, "paradigm_id": 72, "touches": [], "note": "Inaugurated in 2009; its first mission statement and research agenda in July 2010; about 200 members in 2010 and more than 1 700 in 2018 (Köhler et al. 2019, “An agenda for sustainability transitions research”, Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 31:1, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.004, read in the accepted manuscript)" }, { "id": 169, "type": "paper", "title": "The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?", "authors": [ "Karl Friston" ], "year": 2010, "paradigm_id": 12, "touches": [ 18, 16 ], "note": "Friston 2010, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11:127–138; the review that set the programme’s peak" }, { "id": 170, "type": "book", "title": "Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things", "authors": [ "Jane Bennett" ], "year": 2010, "paradigm_id": 47, "touches": [], "note": "Bennett 2010, Duke University Press; builds on Latour’s actants (Bennett 2004)" }, { "id": 249, "type": "book", "title": "Evolution – the Extended Synthesis", "authors": [ "Massimo Pigliucci", "Gerd B. Müller" ], "year": 2010, "paradigm_id": 61, "touches": [], "note": "eds, MIT Press 2010 (doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262513678.001.0001), from the Altenberg workshop of 10–13 July 2008" }, { "id": 271, "type": "paper", "title": "Scale-free correlations in starling flocks", "authors": [ "Andrea Cavagna", "Alessio Cimarelli", "Irene Giardina", "Giorgio Parisi", "Raffaele Santagati", "Fabio Stefanini", "Massimiliano Viale" ], "year": 2010, "paradigm_id": 65, "touches": [], "note": "PNAS 107(26):11865–11870 (June 2010), doi:10.1073/pnas.1005766107; after Ballerini et al. 2008 (PNAS 105:1232) on topological interaction" }, { "id": 308, "type": "paper", "title": "Comorbidity: A network perspective", "authors": [ "Angélique O. J. Cramer", "Lourens J. Waldorp", "Han L. J. van der Maas", "Denny Borsboom" ], "year": 2010, "paradigm_id": 70, "touches": [ 10 ], "note": "Behav. Brain Sci. 33(2–3):137–150 (June 2010), doi:10.1017/S0140525X09991567, with open peer commentary; comorbidity of depression and generalised anxiety through symptoms the two disorders share" }, { "id": 314, "type": "paper", "title": "Transition Management for Sustainable Development: A Prescriptive, Complexity-Based Governance Framework", "authors": [ "Derk Loorbach" ], "year": 2010, "paradigm_id": 72, "touches": [ 9 ], "note": "Governance 23(1):161–183 (online Dec. 2009), doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01471.x; strategic, tactical, operational and reflexive activities, from the Dutch energy transition programme" }, { "id": 315, "type": "event", "title": "First issue of Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions", "short": "EIST, first issue", "authors": [ "Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh", "Bernhard Truffer", "Giorgos Kallis" ], "year": 2011, "paradigm_id": 72, "touches": [], "note": "Vol. 1, no. 1, June 2011, opened by van den Bergh, Truffer & Kallis, “Environmental innovation and societal transitions: Introduction and overview” (pp. 1–23, doi:10.1016/j.eist.2011.04.010), with Geels's reply to seven criticisms of the multi-level perspective (pp. 24–40)" }, { "id": 171, "type": "paper", "title": "ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks", "authors": [ "Alex Krizhevsky", "Ilya Sutskever", "Geoffrey Hinton" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 34, "touches": [], "note": "Krizhevsky, Sutskever & Hinton 2012, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25:1097-1105; ILSVRC 2012 win opens the deep-learning peak" }, { "id": 172, "type": "paper", "title": "‘The whole is always smaller than its parts’: a digital test of Gabriel Tarde’s monads", "authors": [ "Bruno Latour", "Pablo Jensen", "Tommaso Venturini", "Sébastian Grauwin", "Dominique Boullier" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 45, "touches": [], "note": "Br. J. Sociol. 63(4):590–615, 2012; one-level standpoint set against agent-based models" }, { "id": 250, "type": "paper", "title": "A theory of biological relativity: no privileged level of causation", "authors": [ "Denis Noble" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 61, "touches": [ 57 ], "note": "Interface Focus 2(1):55–64 (online Nov. 2011, issue Feb. 2012), doi:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0067; from the Royal Society’s meeting on top-down causation" }, { "id": 264, "type": "book", "title": "Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age: An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design", "authors": [ "Juval Portugali", "Han Meyer", "Egbert Stolk", "Ekim Tan" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 64, "touches": [], "note": "eds, Springer 2012 (doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24544-2); the community’s name for itself" }, { "id": 272, "type": "paper", "title": "Collective motion", "authors": [ "Tamás Vicsek", "Anna Zafeiris" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 65, "touches": [], "note": "Phys. Rep. 517(3–4):71–140 (Aug. 2012), doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004; from molecules and cells to robots, animals and crowds" }, { "id": 306, "type": "paper", "title": "Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function", "authors": [ "Amir Bashan", "Ronny P. Bartsch", "Jan W. Kantelhardt", "Shlomo Havlin", "Plamen Ch. Ivanov" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 71, "touches": [ 10 ], "note": "Nat. Commun. 3:702 (28 Feb. 2012), doi:10.1038/ncomms1705; a network of the interactions between organ systems that changes with the stages of sleep" }, { "id": 316, "type": "paper", "title": "Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects", "authors": [ "Jochen Markard", "Rob Raven", "Bernhard Truffer" ], "year": 2012, "paradigm_id": 72, "touches": [], "note": "Res. Policy 41(6):955–967 (July 2012), doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.013; the field's four frameworks (transition management, strategic niche management, the multi-level perspective and technological innovation systems) and its growth" }, { "id": 173, "type": "paper", "title": "Life as we know it", "authors": [ "Karl Friston" ], "year": 2013, "paradigm_id": 12, "touches": [ 29 ], "note": "Friston 2013, J. R. Soc. Interface 10:20130475; Markov blankets and self-organisation of life" }, { "id": 175, "type": "paper", "title": "Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science", "authors": [ "Andy Clark" ], "year": 2013, "paradigm_id": 18, "touches": [ 12 ], "note": "Clark 2013, Behav. Brain Sci. 36:181–204; BBS target article, discusses action-oriented PP and active inference" }, { "id": 176, "type": "paper", "title": "Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences", "authors": [ "Margaret McFall-Ngai", "Michael G. Hadfield", "Thomas C. G. Bosch", "Hannah V. Carey", "Tomislav Domazet-Lošo", "Angela E. Douglas", "Nicole Dubilier", "Gerard Eberl", "Tadashi Fukami", "Scott Gilbert", "Ute Hentschel", "Nicole King", "Staffan Kjelleberg", "Andrew H. Knoll", "Natacha Kremer", "Sarkis K. Mazmanian", "Jessica L. Metcalf", "Kenneth Nealson", "Naomi E. Pierce", "John F. Rawls", "Ann Reid", "Edward G. Ruby", "Mary Rumpho", "Jon G. Sanders", "Diethard Tautz", "Jennifer J. Wernegreen" ], "year": 2013, "paradigm_id": 40, "touches": [ 46 ], "note": "PNAS 110:3229–3236 (2013); Haraway draws on McFall-Ngai in *Staying with the Trouble* (2016), ch. 3" }, { "id": 177, "type": "book", "title": "How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human", "authors": [ "Eduardo Kohn" ], "year": 2013, "paradigm_id": 46, "touches": [], "note": "Kohn 2013, University of California Press" }, { "id": 265, "type": "paper", "title": "The Origins of Scaling in Cities", "authors": [ "Luís Bettencourt" ], "year": 2013, "paradigm_id": 64, "touches": [], "note": "Science 340(6139):1438–1441 (21 June 2013), doi:10.1126/science.1235823" }, { "id": 178, "type": "book", "title": "Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences: The State of the Art", "authors": [ "David Byrne", "Gill Callaghan" ], "year": 2014, "paradigm_id": 49, "touches": [], "note": "Byrne & Callaghan 2014, Routledge" }, { "id": 309, "type": "paper", "title": "Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression", "authors": [ "Ingrid A. van de Leemput", "Marieke Wichers", "Angélique O. J. Cramer", "Denny Borsboom", "Francis Tuerlinckx", "Peter Kuppens", "Egbert H. van Nes", "Wolfgang Viechtbauer", "Erik J. Giltay", "Steven H. Aggen", "Catherine Derom", "Nele Jacobs", "Kenneth S. Kendler", "Han L. J. van der Maas", "Michael C. Neale", "Frenk Peeters", "Evert Thiery", "Peter Zachar", "Marten Scheffer" ], "year": 2014, "paradigm_id": 70, "touches": [ 32 ], "note": "PNAS 111(1):87–92 (online 9 Dec. 2013), doi:10.1073/pnas.1312114110; rising autocorrelation, variance and correlation between emotions before a shift into or out of depression" }, { "id": 179, "type": "paper", "title": "Knowing one’s place: a free-energy approach to pattern regulation", "authors": [ "Karl Friston", "Michael Levin", "Biswa Sengupta", "Giovanni Pezzulo" ], "year": 2015, "paradigm_id": 39, "touches": [ 12 ], "note": "Friston, Levin, Sengupta & Pezzulo 2015, J. R. Soc. Interface 12:20141383; morphogenesis as active inference" }, { "id": 180, "type": "paper", "title": "The cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered", "authors": [ "Pamela Lyon" ], "year": 2015, "paradigm_id": 39, "touches": [], "note": "Lyon 2015, Front. Microbiol. 6:264 (14 April 2015); evidence for cognition in bacteria" }, { "id": 205, "type": "book", "title": "The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins", "authors": [ "Anna Tsing" ], "year": 2015, "paradigm_id": 46, "touches": [], "note": "Princeton University Press 2015, doi:10.1515/9781400873548; nonscalability and patchiness" }, { "id": 251, "type": "paper", "title": "The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions", "authors": [ "Kevin Laland", "Tobias Uller", "Marcus Feldman", "Kim Sterelny", "Gerd B. Müller", "Armin Moczek", "Eva Jablonka", "John Odling-Smee" ], "year": 2015, "paradigm_id": 61, "touches": [], "note": "Proc. R. Soc. B 282(1813):20151019 (2015), doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1019; constructive development and reciprocal causation" }, { "id": 266, "type": "paper", "title": "Constructing cities, deconstructing scaling laws", "authors": [ "Elsa Arcaute", "Erez Hatna", "Peter Ferguson", "Hyejin Youn", "Anders Johansson", "Michael Batty" ], "year": 2015, "paradigm_id": 64, "touches": [], "note": "J. R. Soc. Interface 12(102):20140745 (Jan. 2015), doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0745; the scaling laws not corroborated across city definitions for England and Wales" }, { "id": 183, "type": "book", "title": "Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene", "authors": [ "Donna Haraway" ], "year": 2016, "paradigm_id": 46, "touches": [], "note": "Haraway 2016, Duke University Press; sympoiesis (after Dempster 1998) against autopoiesis" }, { "id": 310, "type": "paper", "title": "A network theory of mental disorders", "authors": [ "Denny Borsboom" ], "year": 2017, "paradigm_id": 70, "touches": [], "note": "World Psychiatry 16(1):5–13 (Feb. 2017), doi:10.1002/wps.20375; mental disorders as alternative stable states of strongly connected symptom networks, held in place by hysteresis" }, { "id": 301, "type": "book", "title": "Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology", "authors": [ "Daniel J. Nicholson", "John Dupré" ], "year": 2018, "paradigm_id": 69, "touches": [], "note": "eds, Oxford University Press 2018 (doi:10.1093/oso/9780198779636.001.0001), with their manifesto for a processual philosophy of biology" }, { "id": 311, "type": "paper", "title": "Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper", "authors": [ "Sacha Epskamp", "Denny Borsboom", "Eiko I. Fried" ], "year": 2018, "paradigm_id": 70, "touches": [], "note": "Behav. Res. Methods 50(1):195–212 (online March 2017), doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1; bootstrap routines for the accuracy and stability of estimated networks and their centrality indices" }, { "id": 184, "type": "paper", "title": "A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms", "authors": [ "Sam Kriegman", "Douglas Blackiston", "Michael Levin", "Josh Bongard" ], "year": 2020, "paradigm_id": 39, "touches": [], "note": "Kriegman, Blackiston, Levin & Bongard 2020, PNAS 117:1853–1859 (online 13 January 2020)" }, { "id": 185, "type": "book", "title": "Being You: A New Science of Consciousness", "authors": [ "Anil Seth" ], "year": 2021, "paradigm_id": 18, "touches": [], "note": "Seth 2021, Faber & Faber (2 September 2021); interoceptive inference and selfhood, drawing on the free-energy principle" }, { "id": 189, "type": "software", "title": "NetLogo", "short": "NetLogo", "authors": [ "Uri Wilensky" ], "year": 1999, "paradigm_id": 11, "touches": [], "note": "Wilensky 1999, NetLogo, Center for Connected Learning, Northwestern University (docs.netlogo.org)" }, { "id": 257, "type": "paper", "title": "The Illusions of the Modern Synthesis", "authors": [ "Denis Noble" ], "year": 2021, "paradigm_id": 61, "touches": [ 62 ], "note": "Biosemiotics 14(1):5–24 (March 2021), doi:10.1007/s12304-021-09405-3; a target article with commentaries, among them Shapiro’s (14:73), and Noble’s reply (14:683)" }, { "id": 202, "type": "paper", "title": "Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: An Experimentally-Grounded Framework for Understanding Diverse Bodies and Minds", "authors": [ "Michael Levin" ], "year": 2022, "paradigm_id": 39, "touches": [], "note": "Front. Syst. Neurosci. 16:768201 (24 March 2022); introduces TAME, multi-scale competency and morphogenesis as basal cognition" }, { "id": 207, "type": "book", "title": "Thinking in Systems: A Primer", "authors": [ "Donella Meadows" ], "year": 2008, "paradigm_id": 5, "touches": [], "note": "Chelsea Green 2008, ed. Diana Wright, from a draft completed in 1993 that circulated informally; in the language and symbols of system dynamics" } ]